Effects of morphine and naloxone on behaviour in the hot plate test: an ethopharmacological study in the rat

The objectives of this study were: i) to analyse the effects of morphine and naloxone on the rat's behaviour in the hot plate test using an ethological approach, and ii) to compare the effectiveness of repeated versus single test paradigms. Animals received either morphine (0, 3, 6 or 9 mg/kg SC) or naloxone (0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg SC). For repeated hot plate measures, rats were tested before and 60, 120, 180 and 240 min following morphine treatment, as well as 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after naloxone injection. For the single test schedule, rats were tested only once 60 min after morphine or 30 min after naloxone administration, or at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min after 9 mg/kg morphine treatment. Behaviour was videotaped and analysed by an ethogram and ethological techniques. A cluster analysis revealed that the most frequently displayed patterns could be categorised into exploratory sniffing reactions (walk-sniff, immobile-sniff) and noxious-evoked elements, including primary (paw-licking, stamping), escape (jumping, leaning posture) and independent (hindleg-withdrawal) patterns. During repeated tests, morphine treatment induced: i) a maximum hypoalgesic effect 60 min post-injection (noxious-evoked patterns were significantly reduced), and ii) an unexpected thermal hyperreactivity rebound effect after 120 min (paw-licking and hindleg-withdrawal were enhanced), although changes in hindpaw-licking are more indicative of a hyperalgesic rebound effect. Most changes were quite similar during the single test schedule at 60 and 120 min after morphine injection. With regard to naloxone treatment, jumping latency was significantly decreased during the repeated test schedule, but not on single exposure to the plate. Other elements were facilitated, however, in the single test (stamping, leaning posture, hindleg-withdrawal). The results indicated that both repeated and single tests paradigms are of value for testing the effects of morphine and naloxone on rats. However, under our conditions the single test paradigm gave a better picture of the overall effects of the drug. Learning as well as habituation and sensitization may mask certain effects during repeated tests. In conclusion, an ethological analysis of the rat's behaviour in the hot plate test following administration of morphine and naloxone has been validated in this study.     

宫腔镜检查50例功血患者热球仪治疗后的效果分析

目的:探讨宫腔镜检查功血患者热球仪治疗后的效果。方法:对我院2007年至2008年2月以来采用热球子宫内膜治疗仪治疗功血的50例患者的诊治情况进行回顾性研究,分析术后6个月及12个月的宫腔镜检查情况。结果:50例患者术后随访有30例治愈(闭经6个月以上);20例月经量较前明显减少,总有效率达100%,治疗前后效果差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。且50例患者均无出现明显的并发症。术后6个月宫腔镜检查:宫腔粘连15例,边分离边进镜。镜下见:白色伴有膜状物的内膜10例,粉色伴有膜状物内膜13例,淡黄色伴有膜状物内膜12例。术后12个月宫腔镜检查:宫腔粘连8例,边分离边进镜。镜下:白色伴有膜状物的内膜25例,粉色伴有膜状物内膜10例,淡黄色伴有膜状物内膜15例,行诊断性刮宫2例,病理回报:子宫内膜轻度不典型增生1例,单纯性子宫内膜增生1例,所有患者宫腔镜检查双侧宫角可见正常子宫内膜。结论:热球子宫内膜剥离治疗对功血引起的月经过多具有良好的临床疗效,且安全、方便,但术后需定期行宫腔镜检查预防残余内膜病变是非常重要的,本研究提示术后一年行宫腔镜检查是十分必要的。     

Laboratory and Ambulatory Monitoring of Menopausal Hot Flashes

A large increase in skin conductance activity recorded from the sternum was found during menopausal hot flashes and corresponded well with patient self-reports. The magnitude and time course of this skin conductance change was similar during spontaneous hot flashes recorded in the laboratory, during heat-induced hot flashes, and during those recorded by ambulatory monitoring techniques. This pattern of sternal skin conductance change did not occur in premenopausal women during body heating or ambulatory monitoring. These methods should be useful in research on the etiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes.     

护士对出入量的认知与记录准确性的相关性分析

记录液体出入量（简称出入量）是指将患者24h内的摄人量与排泄量详细地记录在护理记录单上，为临床了解病情，协助诊断，决定治疗方案提供重要依据。因而准确记录出入量是一项十分重要的基础护理工作。由于出入量所包含项目的多样性，在实践中记录出入量容易产生误差，存在着漏记、记量不准确等现象。为进一步分析出入量记录存在误差的原因，     

豆袋热敷应用于分娩镇痛的效果

目的分析豆袋热敷应用于分娩镇痛的II缶床疗效。方法选择产房阴道试产的足月妊娠产妇120例,随机分为观察组和对照组各60例。观察组在分娩过程中用豆袋热敷;对照组在分娩过程中无任何镇痛处理,比较观察组产妇豆袋热敷前后的疼痛评分和两组产妇第一产程、第二产程的时间。结果观察组产妇豆袋热敷后疼痛评分低于热敷前,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=8．472,P〈0．05）。观察组的第一产程、第二产程分别为（8．35±0．63）h、（0．97±0．16）h,明显短于对照组的（11．26±0．7）h、（1．26±0．17）h,差异均有统计学意义（t分别为-12．958,-40．116;P〈0．05）。观察组顺产率为95％,高于对照组的81．6％,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=6．24,P〈0．05）。结论豆袋热敷能明显减轻分娩疼痛,并缩短产妇第一产程和第二产程,降低阴道助产及剖宫产率。     

黄芪皂苷甲的镇痛、镇静作用

本文证实给小鼠黄芪皂苷甲后出现镇痛作用,其镇痛作用较度冷丁弱而短。根据对小鼠腹腔注射醋酸产生扭体反应抑制率测得静脉注射黄芪皂苷甲的ED50为47.8±3.4mg/kg;由热板法测得的ED50为25.4±1.5mg/kg。黄芪皂苷甲也能明显延长硫喷妥钠所致小鼠的麻醉时间。此外,黄芪皂苷甲还能使豚鼠离体回肠张力下降。     

(-)-Linalool produces antinociception in two experimental models of pain

Linalool is a monoterpene compound commonly found as a major component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medical systems as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported that (-)-linalool, the natural occurring enantiomer, plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by different essential oils, suggesting that linalool-producing species are potentially anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. Moreover, the effect of (-)-linalool on spontaneous locomotor activity (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated. The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. In the hot plate test, only the dose of 100 mg/kg of (-)-linalool resulted in a significant effect. (-)-Linalool induced a dose dependent increase of motility effects, thus ruling out the confounding influence of a possible sedative effect. The more pronounced effect of (-)-linalool on the writhing test with respect to the hot plate test is consistent with the observation that (-)-linalool possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, the activation of opioidergic and cholinergic systems appears to play a crucial role in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception.