The Effects of Smoking and Environmental Temperature on Temporary Threshold Shifts

Smoking and nonsmoking subjects were exposed either to 110- or 30-dB SPL white noise in both hot and cool ambient temperatures. Smokers evidenced less temporary threshold shift (TTS) than nonsmokers when exposed to loud noise. Nonsmokers evidenced greater TTS in the hot testing condition than in the cold condition when exposed to the loud noise. The temperature conditions did not influence the TTS of smokers. Smoking and the cold temperature both increased peripheral vasoconstriction.     

恒速滴注法在高龄卧床管饲患者中的应用效果

目的探讨恒速滴注法在高龄卧床管饲患者中的应用效果。方法2010年5月至2011年8月，方便性抽样选择在解放军总医院住院治疗的携带鼻胃管或鼻肠管行胃肠营养的老年患者60例，按入院先后分为观察组和对照组各30例，观察组采用恒速滴注法管饲肠内营养乳剂，对照组采用常规管饲方法即分次推注法，观察并比较两组患者堵管、腹胀、腹泻、反流、误吸等并发症的发生率。结果观察组患者发生堵管、反流及误吸的例数均少于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）；发生腹胀与腹泻的例数与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论恒速滴注法肠内营养可有效满足高龄长期卧床患者的营养需求，预防和减少并发症的发生，推荐在临床广泛应用。     

体位训练和改进标本采集术在经支气管针吸活检术中的应用

目的探究体位训练和改进标本采集术在经支气管针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)中的应用效果。方法选取2014年6月—2016年8月在本院拟行EBUS-TBNA的102例患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组51例,分别采取常规护理方案和改进后的护理方案(进行体位训练)进行护理治疗。且对照组患者标本采集采用传统方法,实验组采用改进后的标本采集方法。观察2组患者护理成效状况、心理状态改善情况以及标本采集得到的病理阳性率。结果实验组患者的护理成效显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者的SAS评分、SDS评分优于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组得到的病理阳性率优于对照组(P0.05)。结论体位训练和标本采集术在EBUS-TBNA的应用,提高了穿刺的准确率及病理诊断的阳性率,减少了患者痛苦,提高了患者满意度,值得在临床中推广应用。     

多序列联合应用诊断超早期脑梗死的临床价值分析

目的：分析应用多序列联合的检查方式对超早期脑梗死患者的临床诊断意义。方法：对应用多序列磁共振检查（包括T1W成像、T2W成像、DW成像、FLAIR成像及MRA成像）的超早期脑梗死患者共30例进行回顾性分析，分析成像对超早期脑梗死患者检出的敏感性及MRA分级与梗死面积的关系。结果：DW检出率明显高于其他3种成像的检出率（P〈0．05），而TIW成像、T2W成像及FLAIR成像检出率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MRA动脉显像分级与梗死面积呈正向直线相关，MRA动脉显像分级越高，出现大面积脑梗死越多。结论：多序列联合的检查对超早期脑梗死患者的检出率高，且可对梗死面积进行初步的预测。     

住院患者医院感染现患率调查

目的了解住院患者医院感染现状,以便完善医院感染监控措施。方法采用横断面调查方法,分别在2009年9月2日和2010年10月19日对青州市人民医院住院患者进行了医院感染现患率调查。结果该医院2009年调查当日应调查住院患者494例,实查率98.99%,医院感染现患率为1.43%。2010年调查当日应调查住院患者514例,实查率99.81%,医院感染现患率为1.95%。2009与2010年度医院感染部位均以呼吸道感染占首位,分别为57.14%和70.00%;当日抗菌药物使用率分别为64.62%和59.65%;标本送检率分别为3.85%和15.08%。结论该医院2次调查的医院感染现患率和抗菌药物使用率均无明显差别,2010年细菌标本送检率明显提高。     

Rückfußamputationen: Gegenwärtige Möglichkeiten

In Pirogoff and Syme amputation the reduced leg-length inequality, the positive effect of the long lever arm of the residual limb on the biomechanics of the gait patterns and the preserved proprioception of the plantar sole are potentially very beneficial. Despite the advantages the frequency of Syme and Pirogoff a among lower limb amputations remains low. After analysis of the present literature, the available studies are too heterogeneous to give a clear therapeutic recommendation for hind- foot amputations such as Pirogoff or Syme. Nevertheless, with an interdisciplinary holistic approach, a hind-foot amputation should be evaluated for the individual case in order to achieve an optimal functional outcome.     

Renal Effects of Crizotinib in Patients With ALK-Positive Advanced NSCLC

IntroductionWe retrospectively analyzed the effects of crizotinib on serum creatinine and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase–positive advanced NSCLC across four trials (NCT00585195, NCT00932451, NCT00932893, and NCT01154140).MethodsChanges from baseline data in serum creatinine and eGFR, calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine-based equation, were assessed over time. eGFR was graded using standard chronic kidney disease criteria.ResultsMedian serum creatinine increased from 0.79 mg/dL at baseline to 0.93 mg/dL after 2 weeks of treatment (median percentage increase from baseline, 21.2%), was stable from week 12 (0.96 mg/dL) to week 104 (1.00 mg/dL), and decreased to 0.90 mg/dL at 28 days after last dose (median percentage increase from baseline, 13.1%). Median eGFR decreased over time (96.42, 80.23, 78.06 and 75.45 mL/min/1.73 m² at baseline, week 2, week 12, and week 104, respectively) and increased to 83.02 mL/min/1.73 m² at 28 days after the last dose. Median percentage decrease from baseline was 14.9%, 17.0%, and 10.4% at week 2, week 12, and 28 days after last dose of crizotinib, respectively. Overall, 12.6% of patients had a shift from eGFR grade less than or equal to 3a (≥45 mL/min/1.73 m²) at baseline to greater than or equal to 3b (<45 mL/min/1.73 m²) post-baseline.ConclusionsCrizotinib resulted in a decline in creatinine-based estimates of renal function mostly over the first 2 weeks of treatment. However, there was minimal evidence of cumulative effects with prolonged treatment and these changes were largely reversible following treatment discontinuation, consistent with previous reports suggesting this may be predominantly an effect on creatinine secretion as opposed to true nephrotoxicity.     

Temperature Measurement by Sublimation Rate as a Process Analytical Technology Tool in Lyophilization

Product temperature (T_b) and drying time constitute critical material attributes and process parameters in the lyophilization process and especially during the primary drying stage. In the study, we performed a temperature measurement by the sublimation rate (TMbySR) to monitor the T_b value and determine the end point of primary drying. First, the water vapor transfer resistance coefficient through the main pipe from the chamber to the condenser (C_r) was estimated via the water sublimation test. The use of C_r value made it possible to obtain the time course of T_b from the measurement of pressure at the drying chamber and at the condenser. Second, a Flomoxef sodium bulk solution was lyophilized by using the TMbySR system. The outcome was satisfactory when compared with that obtained via conventional sensors. The same was applicable for the determination of the end point of primary drying. A laboratory-scale application of the TMbySR system was evidenced via the experiment using 220-, 440-, and 660-vial scales of lyophilization. The outcome was not dependent on the loading amount. Thus, the results confirmed that the TMbySR system is a promising tool in laboratory scale.