Risk Factors and Outcomes for Preoperative Asymptomatic Pulmonary Embolism in Patients Aged 60 Years and Over with Hip Fracture

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors for, and outcomes of, preoperative asymptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients ≥60 years old following delayed operation for hip fracture.MethodsFrom March 2017 to December 2018, 90 patients aged ≥60 years with hip fracture who suffered a delay in surgery were recruited to this prospective study following admission to our hospital. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was used to detect preoperative asymptomatic PE and calculated its incidence. Time from injury to admission, baseline characteristics, medical comorbidities, and blood biomarker levels were evaluated as potential risk factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Mortality and major bleeding events were recorded and compared between individuals with PE and without. Data were analyzed by t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, χ ² test, Fisher''s exact test, and logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe incidence of preoperative asymptomatic PE was 18.9% (17/90 patients). In the univariate analysis, the risk factors for preoperative asymptomatic PE were male sex, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, smoking, plasma D‐dimer level, potassium level, urea level, creatinine level, and cysteine level. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of preoperative asymptomatic PE was higher in patients with hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 10.048; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.118–90.333), cerebrovascular accident (OR = 20.135; 95% CI, 1.875–216.164), smoking (OR = 48.741; 95% CI, 4.155–571.788), high plasma D‐dimer levels (OR = 1.200; 95% CI, 1.062–157.300), and high plasma potassium levels (OR = 12.928; 95% CI, 1.062–157.300). All patients were followed up for 21.0 months (range, 2 to 36 months). Mortality within the first year postoperatively was higher in patients with PE (29.41% vs 9.59%, P = 0.046).ConclusionsIn view of the high incidence of preoperative asymptomatic PE and the inferior prognosis in individuals with PE, routine CTPA examination for preoperative asymptomatic PE could be useful for patients aged ≥60 years with hip fracture for whom surgery is delayed.     

Variations of relative anteversion of the femoral neck during walking

Summary Based on the geometric model developed by Netter [11], we determined the different positions of the femoral neck during monopodal support in walking in relation to a fixed frontal plane of reference (relative anteversion). This relative anteversion ranges on average from 24° of retroversion at the beginning of support to 15° of anterversion at the end if loading. We then studied the relations possibly existing between relative anteversion and acetabular orientation on the one hand, and the orientation of the resultant of the articular stresses on the other (both being variables during monopodal support in walking). The results showed that relative anteversion is well correlated with variations of position of the acetabulum since, at most, the deviation between the respective axes did not exceed the anatomic deviation due to absolute anteversion of the femoral neck and acetabulum. Lastly, analysis of the relations obtained with the orientation of the resultant of the articular stresses allowed a better comprehension of the functional distribution of forces.

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Variations de l'antéversion relative du col fémoral au cours de la marche

Résumé Nous inspirant de la modélisation géométrique développée par R. Netter dans sa thèse, nous avons déterminé les différentes positions du col fémoral au cours de l'appui monopodal de la marche par rapport à un plan frontal fixe de référence (antéversion relative). Cette «antéversion relative» s'échelonne en moyenne de 24° de rétroversion en début d'appui à 15° d'antéversion en fin d'appui. Nous avons alors étudié les relations pouvant exister entre l'antéversion relative et l'orientation de l'acétabulum, d'une part, et, d'autre part, l'orientation de la résultante des sollicitations articulaires (toutes deux variables au cours de l'appui monopodal de la marche). Les résultats nous ont montré que l'antéversion relative est bien corrélée aux variations de position de l'acétabulum puisque, au maximum, l'écart entre leurs axes respectifs ne dépasse pas l'écart anatomique du à l'antéversion absolue du col et de l'acétabulum. Enfin, l'analyse des rapports existant avec l'orientation de la résultante des sollicitations articulaires nous permet de mieux entrevoir la répartition fonctionnelle des contraintes.

     

Biomechanics of the hip: forces exerted during walking

Summary Since the work of Pauwels, the forces exerted on the coxofemoral joint during walking have been studied either in different spatial planes (frontal, sagittal and horizontal) or by three-dimensional spatial analysis. Starting from the findings of our own studies, our aim was to compare the two methods of analysis (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) in order to provide a better understanding of the benefits and limitations of each method. In pursuit of this aim, we studied the pressure forces exerted on the coxofemoral joint, using a geometric plane technique following a method similar to that of Pauwels [20], and with a three-dimensional modelling technique using the finite element method. The material, taken from the published literature, was the same in both our studies. The results are expressed in terms of the size and orientation of the pressure force exerted on the coxofemoral joint during the monopodal weightbearing phase of walking. A comparison of these two methods of analysis clearly demonstrates the simplicity of two-dimensional analysis (which must incorporate as a minimum the frontal plane and the sagittal plane) and the richness of the three-dimensional analysis. The latter method, by appropriate manipulation of the information obtained, provides a starting point for computer simulations performed with the aim of testing a biomechanical or therapeutic hypothesis.

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Biomécanique de la hanche : les sollicitations à la marche

Résumé Depuis Pauwels, les sollicitations exercées sur l'articulation coxofémorale au cours de la marche ont été étudiées soit dans les différents plans de l'espace (frontal, sagittal et horizontal), soit par des analyses spatiales tridimensionnelles. A partir d'études personnelles, nous avons voulu comparer ces deux méthodes d'analyse (bidimensionnelle et tridimensionnelle) afin de dégager au mieux les apports et les limites de chacune. Pour cela, nous avons étudié les sollicitations en pression s'exerçant sur l'articulation coxofémorale, d'une part selon une étude géométrique plane dont la méthodologie s'apparente à celle de Pauwels [20], d'autre part selon une modélisation tridimensionnelle par la méthode des éléments finis. Le matériel, emprunté à la littérature, est commun à nos deux études. Les résultats intéressent l'intensité et l'orientation de la force en pression exercée sur l'articulation coxofémorale pendant la phase d'appui monopodal de la marche. La comparaison des deux types d'analyse met en valeur la simplicité de l'analyse bidimensionnelle (qui doit combiner le plan frontal et le plan sagittal au minimum) et la richesse de l'analyse tridimensionnelle qui, par la manipulation des informations obtenues, ouvre sur les simulations informatiques, en vue de tester une hypothèse biomécanique ou thérapeutique.

     

The epidemiology of fragility fractures: Is there a role for bone quality?

Fragility fractures, particularly those of the hip, vertebrae, and distal forearm, constitute a major public health problem. The two ultimate determinants of fracture are bone strength and propensity to trauma. Bone strength depends not only upon bone mass but also upon a variety of qualitative aspects of bone structure. These include its architecture, the amount of fatigue damage it has sustained, and changes in its bulk material properties, indices that are collectively subsumed into the term bone quality Fragility fractures show differences in their patterns of incidence by age, sex, ethnic group, geographic area, and season. Many of these differences are currently unexplained, and disorders of bone quality might contribute to them. There are two fracture sites at which evidence implicates bone quality more directly—the spine and proximal femur. Many vertebral compression fractures follow minimal trauma, and controlled studies suggest that vertebral microarchitecture contributes to fracture risk independently of vertebral bone mass. At the hip, observational studies have pointed to a role for disordered trabecular architecture, accumulation of microfractures (fatigue damage), and the accumulation of osteoid. The extent to which these phenomena act independently of bone mass, however, remains uncertain.Presented at the NIA Workshop on Aging and Bone Quality, September 3–4, 1992, Bethesda, Maryland     

Risk infection factors in the total hip replacement

Infection is a complication that occurs in a considerable percentage of hip prostheses replacements, being in many cases necessary to retire them, which generates important health and economical problems. Objectives: To know the distribution of infection and its risk factors in total hip replacement. Material and methods: A four year prospective study was developed in the rehabilitation and orthopedic center of La Paz Hospital. A total of 873 patients were included. Patients were controlled by means of active epidemiological surveillance until the day of discharge, listing up their characteristics at admission and risk factors during their stay. A multivariant study was carried out to determine risk factors. Results: Patients, average age was 63 years, 3.4% of them suffered from diabetes and there were no inmunocompromised patients. The percentage of wound infection during the four years was 6%, being reduced to 1.2% in the last year. The risk factors found in the multivariant study were: incorrect prophylaxis (OR: 3.85), wrong scaring (OR: 14.06), suffering more than one intervention (OR: 7.31) and a hospitalization period longer than 30 days (OR: 2.84). Conclusion: We think that special attention in the care of the surgical wound, as well as the correct use of prophylaxis, can significantly collaborate to the reduction of infection.     

Ultrasound of femoral head cartilage: a new method of assessing bone age

This paper analyses the relationship between the thickness of the anterior femoral head cartilage (FHC), as measured by ultrasound, and some anthropometric parameters, such as height, weight, skeletal and chronological age. In addition, it provides standard norms for FHC thickness in a paediatric population. Both hips were examined in 213 consecutive subjects (99 boys and 114 girls), aged 1.9–14 years. Seventy-four subjects underwent hand and wrist X-rays for skeletal maturation: 32 of these were dropped from the study because a discrepancy as high as two standard deviations was found between their skeletal and their chronological age. The thickness of FHC correlated strongly with skeletal and chronological age, standing height and body weight. A side difference of 0.2 mm in FHC was considered to be abnormal. The study population was divided into 13 groups according to chronological age and values of FHC for boys and girls are provided for each group. It is suggested that the magnitude of hyaline FHC is a valuable feature in the evaluation of skeletal maturation in children.     

Introduction

The number of femoral fractures after hip arthroplasty has increased proportionally to the number of hip arthroplasties. Eleven university-orthopaedic centers in eastern France co-operated to review 250 femoral fractures in relation to hip prothesis. This is the largest published review. The aims of this retrospective study were:

全髋关节置换术后早期脱位发生原因探讨

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后早期脱位发生原因,以指导预防和治疗。方法：统计１０１例患者的１１３侧全髋置换术临床资料,对其中发生早期脱位的７例患者进行治疗及随访观察。结果：脱位主要由术后搬动及康复锻炼不适当引起,保守治疗效果良好。结论：髋关节周围的组织完整是全髋关节术后稳定的主要因素之一     

Osteochondroma and secondary synovial osteochondromatosis

Secondary synovial osteochondromatosis (SOC) is a rare disorder caused by a variety of joint disorders. Two unusual cases of secondary SOC are presented. The first patient is a 43-year-old man with extensive SOC developing within a bursa surrounding an osteochondroma of the pubic bone. The second patient is a 23-year-old man who developed florid and progressive SOC of his hip joint following excision of a femoral neck osteochondroma. SOC recurred despite three excisions over a 15-month period. Imaging was useful in pre-operative diagnosis of bursal SOC in the first patient and in detecting multiple recurrences in the second patient. Both cases illustrate prominent SOC developing secondary to osteochondroma. The different hypotheses regarding bursal and secondary SOC are reviewed. Received: 8 October 1998 Revision requested: 28 October 1998 Revision received: 13 November 1998 Accepted: 16 November 1998