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101.
This article considers the unique challenges and opportunities that health care providers (HCPs) face when they address the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young women accessing services. Some of the difficulties that HCPs encounter in their work are highlighted, including poor remuneration, the impact of their personal biases and the effect of an under-equipped working environment. The financial, logistical and emotional challenges young people face in accessing services are also described, as well as some small changes that could promote fruitful partnerships between HCPs and their young clientele. Also considered is how international documents concerning reproductive health can be utilized as advocacy tools to ensure that, when governments speak of making young people's needs a priority, resources are also made a priority-so that reproductive health can become a reality for all young people. 相似文献
102.
目的为了反映黑龙江省卫生总费用的筹资水平、构成,对黑龙江省2006年卫生总费用进行测算,并对测算结果进行分析,进而提出相应的政策建议。方法本研究运用卫生总费用核算方法中的筹资来源法核算黑龙江省卫生总费用。结果黑龙江省的卫生总费用筹资总额2006年达到了264.98亿元,人均卫生总费用达到了693.12元;卫生总费用占GDP比重为4.28%;政府预算卫生支出占卫生总费用比重为16.11%;社会卫生支出占24.71%;居民个人现金卫生支出占59.18%。就卫生总费用占GDP比重和人均卫生总费用这两项指标来看,与全国相比,黑龙江省表现为双低现象。结论黑龙江省在发展经济的同时,应进一步增加政府对卫生事业的投入;调整黑龙江省卫生总费用筹资结构,平衡政府、社会以及个人在卫生筹资中的责任;进一步完善医疗保障制度,通过各种途径减轻城乡居民的疾病经济负担。 相似文献
103.
104.
Research has shown that increasing numbers of teenagers are going online to find health information, but it is unclear whether there are disparities in the prevalence of online health seeking among young Internet users associated with social and economic conditions. Existing literature on Internet uses by adults indicates that low income, less educated, and minority individuals are less likely to be online health seekers. Based on the analysis of data from the Pew Internet and American Life Project for the US, this study finds that teens of low education parents are either as likely as or even more likely than teens of high education parents to seek online health information. Multiple regression analysis shows that the higher engagement in health seeking by teens of low education parents is related to a lower prevalence of parental Internet use, suggesting that some of these teens may be seeking online health information on behalf of their low education parents. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the issues of the digital divide and digital empowerment. 相似文献
105.
Phoebe S. Y. Lo Michael C. F. Tong Dennis A. Revicki Ching Chyi Lee John K. S. Woo Henry C. K. Lam C. Andrew van Hasselt 《Quality of life research》2006,15(5):877-887
Background: The Rhinitis Symptom Utility Index (RSUI), originally developed in the United States, consists of a patient-preference weighting
scheme and a 10-item questionnaire measuring the severity and frequency of rhinitis related symptoms over a 14-day period.
This study aimed to determine whether the Chinese RSUI could adopt the US-based multi-attribute utility function (MAUF) in
scoring rhinitis symptoms. Methods: In a Hong Kong study, 116 Chinese adults with allergic rhinitis completed the RSUI questionnaire and 36-item Short-Form
Health Survey (SF-36) after they had been seen by two otorhinolaryngologists for disease-severity ratings. Respondents then
completed computer-administered direct preference measures, i.e., visual analogue scale (VAS) and standard gamble (SG) assessments.
The VAS and SG data were used to estimate a MAUF for the Chinese-based RSUI. Results: The derived MAUF was somewhat different than the one developed for the US RSUI. Test–retest reliability for the Chinese
RSUI was satisfactory (ICC = 0.71, p<0.001). Scores differentiated among cases with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms (p<0.001); and between those who did and did not require medications to control symptoms (p = 0.031). Findings were significantly correlated with SF-36 domain scores (r = 0.19 to 0.37; p=0.041 to <0.001). When the US-based scoring function was applied to the Chinese subjects, the resulting mean RSUI score was
significantly lower (p<0.001). Comparisons between directly measured VAS and SG scores between the US and Chinese samples, demonstrated significant
differences (all p<0.05), with the US subjects consistently rating rhinitis symptoms as worse than Chinese subjects. Conclusions: The Chinese RSUI has good measurement properties that reflect patient preferences from the Chinese. Results suggest that
there are differences in preference rating between US and Chinese subjects and that use of the US-based preference function
for the RSUI would bias the measurement of rhinitis symptom outcomes in Chinese subjects. 相似文献
106.
Marcos Ribeiro Luciene Angelini Priscila Games Robles-Ribeiro Rafael Stelmach Ubiratan de Paula Santos Mario Terra-Filho 《The Journal of asthma》2007,44(5):371-375
Background. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire was planned to answer questions about the distribution of asthma. Our objective was to determine the cultural equivalence of the ECRHS into the Brazilian-Portuguese language. Methods. We translated the ECRHS according to international criteria. Results. Small cultural adaptations were necessary. Among the 80 participating patients, the Cronbach indices were higher (0.98-1.00) and the Kappa indices varied from 0.77 to 1.00. Conclusion. The study suggests that the Brazilian version of the ECRHS is conceptually equivalent to the original and similarly reliable and may be used in international studies involving Portuguese-speaking respiratory patients. 相似文献
107.
Andrew Paul Smith 《Stress and health》2009,25(5):445-451
Hollingworth described chewing gum as ‘a technique of relaxation’. Recent research has examined this issue and there is evidence that chewing gum can prevent the adverse effects of acute stress. There are also plausible biological mechanisms that could explain such effects. It is now important to examine chewing gum and chronic stress and the present study involved a survey of this topic. The survey covered the ‘stress process’, collecting data on exposure to stressful events, levels of perceived stress and health outcomes. Frequency of chewing gum was also recorded. Potential confounding factors (demographics, personality and health-related behaviours) were also recorded. The web-based survey was completed by a community sample of 2,248 full-time workers (68% female. Mean age: 35 years, range 18–74 years). Sixty-one per cent of the sample were gum chewers. The results showed that chewing gum was associated with lower levels of perceived stress (both at work and life in general). Gum chewers were also less likely to be depressed and to have seen their doctor for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Chewing gum was associated with lower levels of alcohol consumption and with cigarette smoking. Gum chewers were also more likely to be neurotic extraverts. Those who chewed gum were also more likely to be exposed to negative factors at work. Logistic regression analyses showed that the effects of chewing gum on stress and health remained significant when these confounding factors were controlled for. These results suggest that chewing gum may be a simple way of preventing stress and the negative health outcomes that are often associated with it. Intervention studies are now required and the mechanisms underlying the effects reported here need further investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
109.
John A. Tomenson Graham A. Matthews 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2009,82(8):935-949
Purpose The present investigation looks in detail at the causes and types of health incidents reported by 6,300 mainly smallholder
agrochemical users in 24 countries during 2005 and 2006.
Methods The investigation is based on a questionnaire survey of knowledge, attitude and practice that concentrated on the sequence
of events from purchasing the pesticide to disposal. Information was also collected about health problems experienced while
using agrochemicals. The survey targeted mainly smallholder knapsack spray operators who were expected to be at a highest
risk of exposure.
Results In the 12 months prior to interview, 1.2% of users reported an agrochemical-related incident that required hospital treatment,
5.8% reported an incident requiring at least trained medical treatment but not hospitalisation and 19.8% reported only a minor
sign or symptom. Users who had experienced an incident involving agricultural equipment were 3.38 (95% CI 2.29–4.99) times
more likely to experience an agrochemical-related health incident, but confident users who felt that their use of personal
protective equipment while spraying was best practice were 0.60 (95% CI 0.44–0.84) times less likely to experience such an
incident. Over 80% of product-related incidents were caused by insecticides and the incidence rate per spraying time for incidents
linked to insecticides was significantly higher than that for fungicides or herbicides. Headache/dizziness and nausea/vomiting,
often smell related, were the most common symptoms reported by users who listed agrochemical products that had caused them
health problems (52 and 38% of product mentions, respectively).
Conclusions In most countries, the incidence of serious health effects was low; however, there was a high incidence of minor signs and
symptoms in a few countries, especially in Africa. A disproportionate number of incidents occurred during insecticide use
relative to the time that they were sprayed. Failure to exercise caution as indicated by whether users had incidents involving
agricultural equipment or livestock, and lack of confidence in their practices were the most important predictors of agrochemical-related
incidents. 相似文献
110.
We analyze whether the political system and its stability are related to cross-country differences in health. We apply factor analysis on various national health indicators for a large sample of countries over the period 2000–2005 and use the outcomes of the factor analysis to construct two new health measures, i.e., the health of individuals and the quality of the health care sector. Using a cross-country structural equation model with various economic and demographic control variables, we examine the relationship between the type of regime and political stability on the one hand and health on the other. The political variables and the control variables are measured as averages over the period 1980–1999. Our results suggest that democracy has a positive relationship with the health of individuals, while regime instability has a negative relationship with the health of individuals. Government instability is negatively related to individual health via its link with the quality of the health care sector, while democracy is positively related with individual health through its link with income. Our main findings are confirmed by the results of a panel model and various sensitivity tests. 相似文献