马来西亚华人幼儿教师社会支持、幸福度和心理健康的关系

目的 考察马来西亚华人幼儿教师的心理健康、社会支持和幸福度三者之间的关系.方法 抽取马来西亚40名华人幼儿教师为调查对象,进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表和纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表测试.结果 ①马来西亚华人幼儿教师的SCL-90的总均分与社会支持存在-0.422的显著相关,与幸福度存在-0.793的显著相关,社会支持与幸福度存在0.486的显著相关;②控制了幸福度后,SCL-90的总均分与社会支持的偏相关不显著,控制了社会支持后,SCL-90的总均分与幸福度仍有显著高相关;③幸福度中的负性体验对SCL-90的总均分有显著的预测作用.结论 主观幸福度是马来西亚华人幼儿教师的心理健康与社会支持关系的中介变量,即对心理健康起重要作用的是主观幸福度;主观幸福度的负性体验因子对心理健康有较强的预测作用.     

幼儿园教师心理幸福感及其相关因素分析

目的探讨幼儿教师心理幸福感状况,为维护幼儿教师的心理健康提供参考。方法采用Ryff心理幸福感量表,通过分层整群抽样,对河北省11所幼儿园437名教师进行调查分析。结果已婚教师的总体幸福感、自主幸福感、掌握环境、生活目标、自我接纳幸福感显著高于未婚教师;有子女幼儿教师的自主性和掌握环境幸福感水平高于无子女幼儿教师;幼儿园管理及辅助人员的自主幸福感水平显著高于保育员和教养员;不带班教师的自主幸福感高于带班教师。在自主性因子上,城乡来源与学历之间存在交互作用(P=0.030):农村教师学历越高自主幸福感越低;中专及以下与大专学历教师间的差异无统计学意义,但本科及以上学历城市教师显著高于农村教师。结论婚姻、子女、岗位、带班情况影响幼儿教师心理幸福感。     

Are persons with physical disabilities who participate in society healthier and happier? Structural equation modelling of objective participation and subjective well-being

In many countries, governments pursue a policy of offering persons with disabilities greater opportunities for participation in society, based on the assumption that this will also improve their subjective well-being. Currently, however, it is not known whether this assumption is valid. In this study we relate the objective participation and the subjective well-being aspects of both disabled and non-disabled persons to an array of social and health-related determinants. Linear structural equation modelling of data of a sample selection of the Dutch population is analysed. The sample size is 5,826, including 642 respondents with physical disabilities. In terms of objective participation, the persons with disabilities are at a greater disadvantage as regards labour participation than is the case for social and cultural participation. When it comes to subjective well-being, we find that the persons with disabilities are more likely to lag behind in perceived physical health than in mental health and happiness. In a multivariate model relating objective participation to subjective health and happiness, correlations are much weaker than expected. It is striking to find that participation, perceived health and happiness are much less closely related than is often assumed. Their determinants differ widely in nature and strength. The empirical model leads to rejection of the hypothesis that higher participation by the persons with disabilities is associated with higher subjective well-being.     

统分结合测量居民幸福指数

针对已有幸福指数测量方法中的两个主要缺点,借鉴幸福指数单测法的合理成分,由幸福分数构成幸福指数的综合指标。依据马斯洛需要层次理论,由生存需要满足层次的幸福指数、安全需要满足层次的幸福指数、社交需要满足层次的幸福指数、尊重需要满足层次的幸福指数和自我实现需要满足层次的幸福指数这样五个一级指标以及23个二级指标构成幸福指数的分指标。居民幸福指数统分结合测量具有独特的优势和功能。     

Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular correlates of positive affect measured by ecological momentary assessment and by questionnaire

The relationships between positive affect, salivary cortisol over the day, and cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress tests, were assessed in 72 healthy non-smoking men (mean age 33.6+/-8.8 years). Positive affect was measured by aggregating ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of happiness obtained at four times on each of 2 working days, and by questionnaire using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Saliva was sampled on 2 days, on waking, 30 and 60 min later, and four other times over the day. Blood pressure and heart rate responses to speech and mirror tracing tasks were measured over two sessions 4 weeks apart. Data were analysed using regression of positive affect on biology adjusting for age, body mass and negative affect, with additional adjustment for time of waking in cortisol analyses and for work stress in cardiovascular analyses. EMA positive affect was inversely associated with cortisol early in the day and with the cortisol increase after waking, controlling for age, body mass index, and negative affect (P=0.012). There was no relationship between PANAS positive affect and cortisol, or between EMA positive affect and cortisol later in the day. Diastolic pressure recovery post-stress was more rapid among participants with high positive affect (P=0.022) and with lower systolic pressure throughout the stress sessions, after controlling for covariates including negative affect. PANAS positive affect was also inversely associated with systolic pressure, but not with diastolic stress or heart rate. We conclude that positive affect is related to biological responses in the laboratory and everyday life that may be health protective. Effects were substantially stronger when positive affect was assessed by aggregating EMA samples than with questionnaire measures.     

Self-Reported Happiness of Older Adults in an Assisted Living Facility: Effects of Being in Activities

Happiness is an important component of the quality of life of older people, but happiness is a construct, not a thing, and it is difficult to quantify. The present study examined the feasibility of having participants and observers quantify participants’ level of happiness by pointing to line drawings of faces depicting different emotions, like those commonly used to index pain. As hypothesized, results indicated that both participants and observers reported that participants were significantly happier when they were exposed to activities than when they were not. Scores recorded by participants showed a wider range of happiness and generally greater happiness than did scores recorded by observers. These results suggest that further research using this technique to measure happiness is warranted.     

对临床护士幸福感指数与社会支持的调查

目的 对临床护士幸福感指数与社会支持进行调查研究.方法 采用幸福感指数量表、社会支持量表对我院60名临床护士进行问卷调查.结果 已婚护士、军队护士比未婚护士、聘用护士具有较高的幸福感指数;已婚护士在社会支持、客观支持、主观支持及支持利用度方面优于未婚护士.结论 努力提升职业护士在社会、家庭中的地位,有利于增加护士对社会支持的主观利用度.     

Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces

Previous functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the amygdala activates in response to fearful faces presented below the threshold of conscious visual perception. Using a backward masking procedure similar to that of previous studies, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the amygdala and anterior cingulate gyrus during preattentive presentations of sad and happy facial affect. Twelve healthy adult females underwent blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI while viewing sad and happy faces, each presented for 20 ms and "masked" immediately by a neutral face for 100 ms. Masked happy faces were associated with significant bilateral activation within the anterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala, whereas masked sadness yielded only limited activation within the left anterior cingulate gyrus. In a direct comparison, masked happy faces yielded significantly greater activation in the anterior cingulate and amygdala relative to identically masked sad faces. Conjunction analysis showed that masked affect perception, regardless of emotional valence, was associated with greater activation within the left amygdala and left anterior cingulate. Findings suggest that the amygdala and anterior cingulate are important components of a network involved in detecting and discriminating affective information presented below the normal threshold of conscious visual perception.     

150例离退休老年人幸福度调查

为了探讨离退休老年人的生活状况,本文通过对四川省宜宾地区6O岁及以上离退休老年人幸福度随机抽样调查,结果表明:年龄较小、非独居、中等学历、业余爱好较多、读老年大学、经济收入高、身体健康的老年人幸福度高.艾森克个性问卷中:外向型、稳定型及P分低的老年人幸福度高于内向型、不稳定型及P分高的老年人.本文认为:加强老年医学的研究,对离退休老人创造良好的卫生保健条件,形成全社会的尊老、敬老的社会风气,是增进离退休老人幸福的重要措施.     

社区老人幸福度及其相关因素分析

本文用纽芬兰幸福度量表（ＭＵＮＳＨ），简明精神状态量表（ＭＭＳＥ），以及参考社会支持评定量表（ＳＳＲＳ）自编的老人幸福度影响因素调查表，对社区５００例６０岁以上的老人进行调查研究，结果显示本组样本老人正性情感与体验得分远大于负性情感与体验，表明本组样本老人总体来说自觉幸福、满意。影响幸福度的４个主要因素为与子女关系、与配偶关系、团体活动参与程度及住房满意度。