婴幼儿丛状血管瘤24例

目的 探讨婴幼儿丛状血管瘤(TA)的临床特点、疾病进程,及并发Kasabach-Merritt现象(KMP)的治疗方法.方法 收集、分析2009年1月至2013年3月收治的24例婴幼儿TA患儿的临床资料和随访资料.男10例,女14例;就诊年龄18 d～2岁,中位年龄为7.5个月.根据病变情况选择临床观察及手术治疗等.随访1.2 ～5.4年,平均3.6年.随访观察患儿病情变化.结果 临床常见症状或体征包括暗红或紫红色边界不清的体表皮损、血小板减少、疼痛或功能受限以及多汗、多毛等.其临床进程主要有3种类型:病变完全或部分自发性消退2例(8.3％)、持续存在9例(37.5％)、合并KMP 13例(54.2％).TA发病至并发KMP平均间隔时间45.2 d(0d～4个月).KMP发病最初症状或体征表现为迅速增大的瘤体(8例)、瘤体明显变厚张力增大(3例)、呼吸道窘迫表现为呼吸急促、三凹征明显(2例).13例合并KMP均采用手术治疗,手术完全切除者10例,术后血小板计数1～3d升至正常,血红蛋白及凝血功能1～2周逐渐恢复正常;大部切除者3例,血小板计数术后均出现反复,但明显高于术前,多维持在60×109/L以上,经术后给予药物治疗,其中2例3～6个月后瘤体逐渐消失,血小板计数恢复正常,1例术后因多器官功能衰竭死亡.结论 积极主动干预治疗主要适用于影响外观或容貌、已经或可能并发KMP或其他功能异常.对年龄较小无严重并发症的TA,早期可以随访观察,定期监测其血小板计数,以尽早发现KMP.对合并KMP的TA,明确诊断后尽早手术治疗,可明显缩短治疗时间,降低药物不良反应,治疗效果良好,降低患儿病死率.     

Comparison of the TruView infant EVO2 PCD™ and C-MAC video laryngoscopes with direct Macintosh laryngoscopy for routine tracheal intubation in infants with normal airways

OBJECTIVE:

Videolaryngoscopy has mainly been developed to facilitate difficult airway intubation. However, there is a lack of studies demonstrating this method''s efficacy in pediatric patients. The aim of the present study was to compare the TruView infant EVO2 and the C-MAC videolaryngoscope with conventional direct Macintosh laryngoscopy in children with a bodyweight ≤10 kg in terms of intubation conditions and the time to intubation.

METHODS:

In total, 65 children with a bodyweight ≤10 kg (0-22 months) who had undergone elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation were retrospectively analyzed. Our database was screened for intubations with the TruView infant EVO2, the C-MAC videolaryngoscope, and conventional direct Macintosh laryngoscopy. The intubation conditions, the time to intubation, and the oxygen saturation before and after intubation were monitored, and demographic data were recorded. Only children with a bodyweight ≤10 kg were included in the analysis.

RESULTS:

A total of 23 children were intubated using the C-MAC videolaryngoscope, and 22 children were intubated using the TruView EVO2. Additionally, 20 children were intubated using a standard Macintosh blade. The time required for tracheal intubation was significantly longer using the TruView EVO2 (52 sec vs. 28 sec for C-MAC vs. 26 sec for direct LG). However, no significant difference in oxygen saturation was found after intubation.

CONCLUSION:

All devices allowed excellent visualization of the vocal cords, but the time to intubation was prolonged when the TruView EVO2 was used. The absence of a decline in oxygen saturation may be due to apneic oxygenation via the TruView scope and may provide a margin of safety. In sum, the use of the TruView by a well-trained anesthetist may be an alternative for difficult airway management in pediatric patients.     

Center of pressure and the projection of the time-course of sitting skill acquisition

A normal time-course for the acquisition of sitting is essential. A delay in sitting may affect other developmental milestones, resulting in deficiencies in overall skill. Therefore, our aim was to identify variables whose measures at the very beginning of sitting would allow for the projection of the evolution of the sitting skill. Center of pressure data were collected from the postural sway of twenty-six typically developing infants while sitting on a force platform with a beginning ability to sit upright. Spatial, temporal and frequency variables of postural sway were obtained from both the medial/lateral and anterior/posterior directions of sway. Discriminant function analysis was conducted to identify potential predictors of the duration between onset and fully independent sitting. Gender (p = 0.025), median frequency (p = 0.006), and correlation dimension (p = 0.002) were identified to be predictive of grouping with 73.1% correct classification of the participating infants into short, mid, and long delay groups. In conclusion, measures taken at the earliest stage of sitting may allow the projection of the time-course to achieve independent sitting for typical infants. This approach may be useful for monitoring typical development.     

Cholestasis in neonatal intensive care unit: incidence, aetiology and management

Aim:  Prevalence, aetiology, management and outcome of cholestasis were evaluated in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methods:  Medical records of all infants admitted to two Italian level III NICUs from January 2005 to August 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The role of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy was also investigated.
Results:  Twenty-seven of 1289 enrolled infants developed cholestasis. In 25 infants, cholestasis had a multifactorial basis, while in two, no aetiology was found. UDCA did not significantly affect clinical and biochemical course of cholestasis. During a period of 12 months, eight cholestatic infants died, one underwent liver transplantation and 18 fully recovered.
Conclusion:  Infants admitted in NICU have a rate of cholestasis higher than that reported in the general population of live births; in most cases, cholestasis is associated to multiple risk factors and shows a favourable outcome. UDCA does not seem to affect clinical course of cholestasis in this setting.     

5公斤以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病的体外循环管理

方法总结我院自2007年1月至2008年12月5kg以下133例低体重婴幼儿先心病的体外循环（ECC）管理。结果 ECC时间13～382（55.72）min,主动脉阻断时间0～135（34.07）min,术后死亡3例,与ECC无直接关系。结论合理的预充,足够的流量灌注,行常规超滤和改良超滤,重视机体各脏器的保护,是5 kg以下婴幼儿ECC管理的确切有效方法。     

婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的危险因素分析

目的探讨住院婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的危险因素及其防治策略。方法对2008年1月至2010年1月在本院住院、应用抗菌药物治疗的1450例婴幼儿进行回顾性分析。结果 85例住院婴幼儿发生AAD,发生率5.86%,AAD与患儿体重低、年龄小、应用≥2种抗菌药物、应用3代头孢霉素、应用抗菌药物时间长、白细胞升高、C反应蛋白升高、合并重要脏器损害、住院时间长有关(P<0.05或P<0.01),与性别、应用抗菌药物种类无关(P>0.05),预防性应用微生态制剂可以减少AAD(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率高,加强预防措施,尽量避免危险因素、合理应用抗菌药物、预防性应用微生态制剂是减少住院婴幼儿AAD的关键。     

The effect of day care attendance on infant and toddler’s growth

Aim: We aimed to study the association between day care attendance and changes in the height, weight and weight/height ratio over a 6‐month period. Methods: Data were retrieved from three maternal and child health care centres. Parents were asked to fill a short questionnaire regarding the infant/toddler life style, the day care facilities and the family demographic information. Results: One hundred and seventy infants participated in the study. The research group consisted of 85 infants that had placed in day care centre prior to the age of 18 months. The control group consisted of 85 infants who had placed in day care at a later age. The research group had significantly shorter stature 3 months after day care enrolment (mean height percentiles of 56.9 versus 66.3, respectively, p = 0.024,). This trend was more pronounced after 6 months (mean height percentiles of 52.3 versus 63.7, p = 0.022). We could not, however, demonstrate a concomitant significant deceleration in weight or weight/height percentiles. Conclusions: The explanation for this rather dramatic finding remains speculative. Possible mechanisms are stress‐related growth hormone suppression. Our findings reinforce the importance of monitoring infant/toddler weight and height growth velocities, especially when he/she is introduced to day care.     

婴幼儿至青少年骨密度正常参考值的研究

目的:提供安康市婴幼儿至青少年尺骨、桡骨骨密度的正常参考值,服务于临床及科研应用。方法:使用双能X线骨密度仪测量安康市600名1～18岁婴幼儿至青少年尺骨、桡骨骨密度,并与国外同类研究进行比较。结果:骨矿化过程在儿童期为渐进形式,在青春期呈现加速趋势,在尺骨、桡骨各部位及身体的各个发育阶段都存在着显著的性别及年龄差异。尽管骨的发育因躯体部位、性别及尺寸大小而异,但是女性在10～15岁年龄段倾向于尺骨、桡骨的骨密度高于同年龄段男性,而自16岁以后则男性尺骨、桡骨的骨密度高于女性。部份原因是女性骨矿化增长加速过程发动时序早于男性。与白种儿童相比较,这些安康市受试对象尺骨、桡骨的骨密度较低。结论:骨的发育因性别、年龄、部位及种族而呈现不同规律,在评价时应予以考虑。