A dynamic regulation of GDNF-family receptors correlates with a specific trophic dependency of cranial motor neuron subpopulations during development

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands promote the survival of developing motor neurons in vivo and in vitro. However, not all neurons survive with any single ligand in culture and GDNF null mutant mice display only a partial motor neuron loss. An interesting possibility is that subpopulations of motor neurons based on their function and/or their myotopic organization require distinct members of GDNF family ligands. Because responsiveness to the different ligands depends on the expression of their cognate ligand-binding receptor we have herein addressed this issue by examining the expression of GDNF-family receptors (gfr) during development and in the adult in cranial motor nuclei subpopulations. We have furthermore examined the in vivo role of GDNF for cranial motor neuron subpopulations. The shared ret receptor was expressed in all somatic, branchial and visceral cranial embryonic motor nuclei examined, showing that they are all competent to respond to GDNF family ligands during development. At early stages of development both the GDNF receptor, gfralpha1, and the neurturin (NTN) receptor, gfralpha2, were expressed in the oculomotor, facial and spinal accessory, and only gfralpha1 in the trochlear, superior salivatory, trigeminal, hypoglossal and weakly in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the ambiguous nucleus. The abducens nucleus was negative for both gfralpha1 and gfralpha2. The artemin (ART) receptor, gfralpha3, was expressed only in the superior salivatory nucleus. A motor neuron subnuclei-specific expression of gfralpha1 and gfralpha2 was seen in the facial and trigeminal nuclei which corresponded to their dependence on GDNF in null mutant mice. We found that the expression was dynamic in these nuclei, which may reflect developmental changes in their trophic factor dependency. Analysis of GDNF null mutant mice revealed that the dynamic receptor expression is regulated by the ligand in vivo, indicating that the attainment of changes in dependency could be ligand induced. Our results indicate that specific GDNF family ligands support selective muscle-motor neuron circuits during development.     

Interpeak latency of auditory event-related potentials (P300) in senile depression and dementia of the Alzheimer type

Most studies on event-related potentials (ERP) in psychiatric illness or dementia have focused on the single-peak latency of ERP components. In the present study, not only peak latencies of ERP components (N1, P2, N2, and P3) but also interpeak latencies (IPL; N1-P2, P2-N2, and N2-P3) were analyzed using the auditory oddball task. Thirty-five senile depressed patients and 34 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were compared to 39 age-matched healthy volunteers. The mean latencies of P2 and P3 were shorter in patients with senile depression than in controls. In DAT patients, the N2 and P3 latencies were longer. When the IPL was assessed, however, only the mean IPL of N1-P2 was shorter in patients with senile depression, while the P2-N2 IPL were longer in those with DAT. The IPL results suggest that in senile depression the early cognitive process is hastened and in DAT the middle process is disturbed. Based on these results, we conclude that IPL of the auditory ERP might be used to reveal the disturbed steps within the cognitive process.     

吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的　观察吡格列酮治疗 2型糖尿病的临床疗效。 方法　 采取随机双盲对照临床研究 ,在应用吡格列酮治疗前及用药后第 12周分别进行空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白的监测 ,同时检测血常规、肝功能、肾功能、血脂、血压。 结果　吡格列酮组空腹血糖 ,糖化血红蛋白在用药后显著下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,对肝功能、肾功能、凝血功能无影响 ,也未发生过敏反应 ,疗效吡格列酮组显著优于安慰剂组。 结论　吡格列酮能提高胰岛素敏感性 ,显著降低 2型糖尿病空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白 ,是治疗 2型糖尿病的一种新型降血糖药。     

调脂舒脉方治疗2型糖尿病高脂血症气阴两虚证30例疗效观察

目的:观察调脂舒脉方治疗2型糖尿病高脂血症气阴两虚证的临床疗效。方法:将60例随机分为治疗组与对照组各30例,均以常规糖尿病治疗,治疗组加用中药调脂舒脉方,对照组加用多烯康胶丸。均以1月为1疗程,观察治疗前后血糖及血脂各项指标。结果:治疗组总有效率为93.3%,对照组为73.3%,2组比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。2组治疗后总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)均有明显改善,但治疗组改善程度与对照组比较,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);治疗组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的改善也较对照组明显(P<0.01)。此外,治疗组治疗后血糖改善也较对照组明显(P<0.01)。结论:调脂舒脉方对2型糖尿病高脂血症气阴两虚证有较好的治疗作用,并有一定的辅助降血糖作用。     

中药内服配合手法治疗椎动脉型颈椎病疗效观察

目的：观察中药内服加手法治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法：取椎动脉型颈椎病患者200例，随机分为观察组和对照组，人别给予中药内服加手法和牵引治疗，观察比较两组疗效。结果：观察组治愈率76％，总有效率92％；对照组治愈率50％，总有效率68％二者经统计学处理，有显著差异。结论：中药内服配合手法治疗椎动脉型颈椎病疗效优于单纯牵引治疗。     

凯西莱联合百鹰汤治疗慢性乙肝的临床观察

目的　探讨凯西莱与百鹰汤的护肝协同作用。方法　将 2 0 3例慢性乙肝患者随机分为治疗组 (予凯西莱 +百鹰汤 )、凯西莱组、百鹰汤组。结果　三组间主要症状及体征改善情况比较 ,治疗组优于凯西莱组 ,第 4周时差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 8周时差异无显著性 (P >0 .1) ;治疗组与百鹰汤组第 4,8周比较差异均无显著性 (P >0 .1)。三组间肝功能生化指标比较 ,第 4周治疗组明显优于另两组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　凯西莱与百鹰汤合用具有明显的协同作用 ,且无明显副作用 ,疗效优于单用     

西尼地平的抗高血压作用及交感神经抑制活性

目的 介绍西尼地平的临床前药理研究及临床应用。方法 检索Medline，查找原。结果 西尼地平不仅能阻滞血管平滑肌上的L-型Ca^2 通道，还能阻滞交感神经元上的N-型Ca^2 通道。西尼地平无降压所导致的反射性交感神经兴奋，对原发性高血压病人能有效降压，且不引起心率加快。结论 西尼地平可能会成为新一代抗高血压的典型药物。     

前列地尔治疗老年急性重症胆管炎50例

目的 :观察前列地尔治疗老年急性重症胆管炎 (ACST)的疗效。方法 :ACST患者 96例 ,均给予抗休克、抗感染和手术治疗 ,其中治疗组 5 0例 ,同时加用前列地尔注射液 10 μg于 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 10mL中 ,iv ,qd ,疗程 1周 ;对照组 46例 ,给予全肠外营养。结果 :治疗组疗效优于对照组 ,血浆蛋白升高明显 ,严重并发症发生率和病死率低 ,两组均差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :前列地尔联合全肠外营养是治疗老年ACST重要的、有效的支持方法。     

应用胰岛素泵治疗儿童及青少年1型糖尿病对糖代谢的影响

为观察应用胰岛素泵治疗儿童及青少年1型糖尿病(T1DM)对糖代谢的影响 ,随访10例胰岛素泵治疗的T1DM患儿 ,分别观察胰岛素泵治疗前、后6个月的糖化血红蛋白值(HbA1c)、胰岛素用量、严重低血糖及酮症酸中毒发生次数的变化情况。结果显示 ,胰岛素泵治疗6个月后HbA1c 显著下降 ,治疗前为8.97 %±1.69 %,治疗后为7.51 %±1.17 % (t=2.52 ,P<0.05) ;胰岛素用量无显著下降 ;未发生严重低血糖和酮症酸中毒。表明胰岛素泵治疗可有效控制血糖 ,明显降低HbA1c,减少低血糖及酮症酸中毒的发生 ,是儿童及青少年T1DM常规治疗的较好选择。