海南地区人乳头瘤病毒感染情况与亚型分析

目的：了解常见21种人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)在海南地区的亚型分布、多重感染和不同年龄感染情况。方法使用PCR体外扩增和膜杂交法对2013年1~12月来我院就诊的10764例女性进行HPV分型检查。结果10764例样本中阳性率为19.38%,多重感染率为4.96%,25岁以下阳性率最高,各亚型检出率最高依次为52型、16型和58型,未检出43型。结论海南地区主要HPV感染亚型为52型、16型和58型,HPV感染有低龄化趋势。     

On the Performance of Multiple Imputation Based on Chained Equations in Tackling Missing Data of the African α3.7‐Globin Deletion in a Malaria Association Study

Multiple imputation based on chained equations (MICE) is an alternative missing genotype method that can use genetic and nongenetic auxiliary data to inform the imputation process. Previously, MICE was successfully tested on strongly linked genetic data. We have now tested it on data of the HBA2 gene which, by the experimental design used in a malaria association study in Tanzania, shows a high missing data percentage and is weakly linked with the remaining genetic markers in the data set. We constructed different imputation models and studied their performance under different missing data conditions. Overall, MICE failed to accurately predict the true genotypes. However, using the best imputation model for the data, we obtained unbiased estimates for the genetic effects, and association signals of the HBA2 gene on malaria positivity. When the whole data set was analyzed with the same imputation model, the association signal increased from 0.80 to 2.70 before and after imputation, respectively. Conversely, postimputation estimates for the genetic effects remained the same in relation to the complete case analysis but showed increased precision. We argue that these postimputation estimates are reasonably unbiased, as a result of a good study design based on matching key socio‐environmental factors.     

Extremely Elevated International Normalized Ratio of Warfarin in a Patient with CYP2C9*1/*3 and Thyrotoxicosis

A 73-yr-old Korean man with permanent atrial fibrillation visited outpatient clinic with severely increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) values after taking a usual starting dosage of warfarin to prevent thromboembolism. We found out later from his blood tests that he had hyperthyroidism at the time of treatment initiation. His genetic analysis showed CYP2C9^*1/^*3 and VKORC1+1173TT genotypes. We suspect that both hyperthyroidism and genetic variant would have contributed to his extremely increased INR at the beginning of warfarin therapy. From this case, we learned that pharmacogenetic and thyroid function test might be useful when deciding the starting dosage of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.

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深圳市耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药基因突变特征分析

目的 利用全基因组序列分析方法研究深圳市耐多药结核分枝杆菌(MDR-MTB)的耐药基因突变类型特点,为耐药结核病的快速分子检测提供依据。方法 对2013—2017年深圳市慢性病防治中心及各区慢性病防治院门诊收集的所有449株MDR-MTB临床分离株进行全基因组测序,经与结核分枝杆菌标准菌株(H37Rv)基因组模板序列比对后获得447株满足分析要求的全基因组测序菌株。每株菌株经单核苷酸多态性(SNP)鉴定后与H37Rv各基因型和亚型的特异性突变和对11种抗结核药品已知的耐药基因突变进行比对,获得各菌株独属的基因型或亚型和耐药基因突变,并分析不同药品耐药基因中的主要耐药突变类型不同基因型或亚型间的相关性。结果 447株MDR-MTB中全基因组测序结果显示,432株(96.6%)发生基因突变,MTB对11种药品主要的耐药突变类型分别为katG-315-S/T[INH, 81.7%(353/432)]、rpoB-450-S/L[RFP, 59.7%(258/432)]、rpsL-43-K/R[Sm, 66.0% (198/300)]、embB-306-M/V[EMB, 35.5% (94/265)]、pncA启动子-11-T/C[PZA, 8.9% (11/123)]、gyrA-90-A/V [Ofx, 31.5% (39/124)]、rrs-1401-A/G[Am,48.1% (25/52)]、rrs-1401-A/G [Cm, 100.0% (27/27)]、rrs-1401-A/G [Km, 84.4% (27/32)]、inhA-15-C/T[Eto, 84.2% (48/57)]、thyA-75-H/N[PAS, 31.3% (10/32)],且发现存在2种及2种以上联合突变者有对INH、RFP、EMB和Sm耐药的菌株。深圳市MDR-MTB菌株的3个基因型为L1[0.4%(2/447)]、L2[84.6% (378/447)]和L4[15.0%(67/447)]型,其中L2型又分为3个亚型[L2.1型:1.9%(7/378)、L2.2型: 37.0%(140/378)、L2.3型: 61.1%(231/378)]。突变类型为katG-315-S/T、rpsL-43-K/R和embB-306-M/V在L2型菌株中的突变率[分别为79.6%(301/378)、50.5%(191/378)、23.0%(87/378)]明显高于L4型菌株[分别为61.2%(41/67)、10.4% (7/67)、10.4% (7/67)](χ ²值分别为10.874、37.021、5.396,P值分别为0.001、0.000、0.020),且PAS耐药突变类型folC-43-I/T和thyA-75-H/N仅出现在L2型菌株中;其中katG-315-S/T在L2.2型菌株中突变频率[88.6%(124/140)]高于L2.3型[74.5%(172/231)](χ ²=10.764,P=0.000),而inhA-15-C/T(INH)、rpoB-450-S/L、rpsL-43-K/R和inhA-15-C/T(Eto) 在L2.3型菌株中的突变频率[分别为8.2% (19/231)、61.9%(143/231)、 59.3% (137/231)、15.6% (36/231)]明显高于L2.2型[分别为2.9% (4/140)、49.3% (69/140)、37.9% (53/140)、3.6% (5/140);χ ²值分别为4.319、5.668、16.053、12.797,P值分别为0.038、0.017、0.000、0.000)]。结论 深圳市MDR-MTB菌株中11种药品耐药基因主要突变类型分别为katG-315-S/T、rpoB-450-S/L、rpsL-43-K/R、embB-306-M/V、pncA启动子-11-T/C、gyrA-90-A/V、rrs-1401-A/G、inhA-15-C/T、thyA-75-H/N;基因型为L1、L2和L4型,以L2.2型、L2.3型和L4型为主。     

丙型肝炎病毒不同基因型核心蛋白对肝母细胞瘤细胞凋亡影响的比较

目的比较HCV不同基因型核心蛋白(core)在肝母细胞瘤细胞凋亡中的作用。方法构建6a基因型HCV core的表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His(-)-core(6a)[pCore(6a)];分别将1b、3a和6a基因型HCV core质粒以及空质粒pcDNA3.1/myc-His(-)(pNC)瞬时转染HepG2细胞,48小时后利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡发生的情况;利用Real-time PCR检测胱冬肽酶-3的mRNA水平变化;利用化学发光法检测胱冬肽酶-3的活性变化,比较HCV不同基因型core对细胞凋亡作用的差异。结果成功构建了6a基因型HCV core的表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His(-)-core(6a)[pCore(6a)];与pNC组相比,表达1b、3a和6a基因型HCV core的HepG2细胞中,Annexin V+细胞数均显著减少,其中6a基因型core较1b和3a基因型core作用显著(P=0.000、0.001);同时实验组中凋亡效应分子胱冬肽酶-3的mRNA水平及其活性较对照组均降低;其中与1b和3a基因型core相比较,6a基因型core显著降低胱冬肽酶-3的mRNA水平,而在抑制胱冬肽酶-3活性方面无显著差别。结论 HCV不同基因型core对细胞凋亡的作用不同;基因6a型core对细胞凋亡的抑制作用更为显著;HCV基因6型核心蛋白可能更易导致肝癌的发生,有待进一步研究。     

Estrogen Receptor Alpha Expression and Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b: A Clinicopathological Study

Background:

Hepatic damage due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b infection varies widely.

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate whether estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays a role in liver fibrosis in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b.

Patients and Methods:

All the consecutive patients who received the same standard treatment protocol for HCV genotype 1b were subdivided into two subgroups according to their fibrosis scores as fibrotic stages < 2 in mild fibrosis group and fibrotic stages ≥ 2 in advanced fibrosis group, depending on the presence of septal fibrosis. ERα was stained in liver biopsy specimens. Demographics and clinical properties were compared between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predict advanced fibrosis.

Results:

There were 66 patients in the mild fibrosis group and 24 in the advanced fibrosis group. Among the mild and advanced fibrosis groups, 65.1% and 50%were female, respectively (P = 0.19). There was an inverse correlation between ERα and fibrotic stage (r: -0.413; P < 0.001). Age, platelet counts, neutrophil counts, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and ERα were statistically significant in the univariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, ERα expression continued to be an independent predicting factor of liver fibrosis in patients infected with chronic HCV genotype 1b (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.018-0.586; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

ERα expression in liver was inversely correlated with liver fibrosis among patients infected with chronic HCV genotype 1b.     

Characterization of HCV Genotype 5a Envelope Proteins: Implications for Vaccine Development and Therapeutic Entry Target

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with an estimation of 185 million people with infection. The E2 is the main target for neutralizing antibody responses and the variation of this region is related to maintenance of persistent infection by emerging escape variants and subsequent development of chronic infection. While both E1 and E2 are hypervariable in nature, it is difficult to design vaccines or therapeutic drugs against them.

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to characterize genotype 5a E1 and E2 sequences to determine possible glycosylation sites, conserved B-cell epitopes and peptides in HCV that could be useful targets in design of vaccine and entry inhibitors.

Patients and Methods:

This study was conducted through PCR amplification of E1 and E2 regions, sequencing, prediction of B-cell epitopes, analysis of N-linked glycosylation and peptide design in 18 samples of HCV genotype 5a from South African.

Results:

Differences in the probability of glycosylation in E1 and E2 regions were observed in this study. Three conserved antigenic B-cell epitopes were predicted in the E2 regions and also 11 short peptides were designed from the highly conserved residues.

Conclusions:

This study provided conserved B-cell epitopes and peptides that can be useful for designing entry inhibitors and vaccines able to cover a global population, especially where genotype 5a is common.     

Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter Mutations in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Bucharest,Romania

Background:

Accurate and personalized molecular virological diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is crucial for individualized selection of patients for antiviral therapy in Romania.

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate HBV mutations in Romanian patients with chronic HBV infection, also to match HBV genotypes with HBV mutations identified and clinical outcomes.

Patients and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 484 Romanian patients with chronic HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were investigated. This was performed in Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania during January 2005 to August 2010. HBsAg positive patients with chronic HBV infection admitted to Fundeni Clinical Institute were randomly enrolled in the study. Analysis was performed in the Centre for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Indirect diagnosis was performed with enhanced chemiluminescence method using Architect i2000SR and HBV-DNA was quantified with COBAS TaqMan HBV PCR. Direct sequencing of the PCR-products was performed with the PCR-product sequencing kit. HBV genotyping was performed with INNO-LiPA DR Amplification and INNO-LiPA HBV precore-core.

Results:

We detected two HBV genotypes; A (8.1%) and D (60.5%), and a mixture of genotypes A and D (31.4%) (P < 0.001). Basal core promoter (BCP) A1762T/G1764A and precore (PC) G1896A mutations were detected in these Romanian patients with chronic HBV infection. HBV chronic carriers had mainly genotype D (54.4%) and HBV WT (64.0%). BCP A1762T, G1764A and PC G1896A were significantly associated with HCC-tissue HBV sequencing (75.3%) (P < 0.001). PC G1896A alone was detected in HCC-serum HBV sequencing group (66.7%).

Conclusions:

Genotype D was the main genotype detected in Romanian patients with chronic HBV infection. Genotype D presented both BCP and PC mutations more frequently.