垃圾临时卸地点的生态恢复

从生活垃圾临时卸地点对生态破坏的特点出发 ,介绍了两种垃圾临时卸地点生态恢复技术 ,强调了垃圾临时卸地点生态恢复的重要性     

2011年吉林省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的调查分析吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为环境卫生治理提供科学依据。方法按比例分层随机抽样,选取9个县(市),每个县抽取20个村,每村抽取5户进行调查。结果村居民供水方式以分散式供水为主;40%的调查村有专职保洁员;卫生厕所占总户厕的66.14%;生活垃圾定点堆放占53.33%,生活污水以随意排放为主,主要排放到坑塘。结论农村垃圾、污水和粪便无害化处理率低,环境卫生状况急需进一步改善。     

Rubbish index and diarrhoea in Salvador, Brazil

Urban solid waste (USW) is a public health problem worldwide that has not yet been completely evaluated in relation to childhood health. The main purpose of this study was to investigate associations between diarrhoea and exposure to USW among preschool children. A longitudinal study was carried out with 922 under-threes living in Salvador, Bahia, between 2000 and 2001. Both community and individual/home levels (strata) were evaluated by questionnaire and direct observation. The multilevel model, using Poisson regression with overdispersion, evaluated their contribution to the occurrence of diarrhoea. The children presented a mean longitudinal prevalence of 2.7% of days with diarrhoea during a mean period of 23 follow-up weeks. The main factors associated with diarrhoea were rubbish-in-street index [prevalence ratio (PR)=1.30; 95% CI 1.02-1.66] and intrahome rubbish packaging (PR=3.59; 95% CI 2.01-6.42). Other important variables were water-in-street index, child age, hygiene and cleanliness near the house, number of people per house, and drainage problems. The variables measured at the community level explained 4.77% of the variability of the children's number of days with diarrhoea.     

Analysis on the implementation of a health improvement project (Garbage Clinical Insurance) in Indonesia: a literature review

Objective

Indonesia Medika has established “Garbage Clinical Insurance” (GCI), which enables the population below the poverty line (BPL) to obtain health insurance by donating their garbage to pay the premium. The objective of this paper was to critically examine the implementation of GCI in Indonesia by reviewing the background, effects, and sustainability of this program.

我国农村垃圾产生量及垃圾收集处理现状

目的了解我国农村不同类型的垃圾产生量及垃圾的收集处理方式,为制定垃圾分类、收集和处理提供基础数据。方法于2006—2007年开展全国农村饮用水与环境卫生调查,采用随机抽样的方法抽取调查点,对调查村领导进行问卷调查,数据资料使用SAS8.2统计软件进行统计分析。结果农村人均日生活性垃圾量为0.86kg,生活垃圾以收集方式堆放的占63.28%;收集堆放的生活性垃圾以填埋方式处理的占57.03%;农村人均日生产性垃圾量为2.03kg,生产垃圾以收集方式堆放的占83.44%;生产性垃圾中养殖业垃圾占44.11%,秸杆杂草垃圾占33.36%;收集堆放的生产性垃圾以直接再利用方式处理的占46.31%,以高温堆肥方式处理的占26.29%。结论随意堆放的生活性和生产性垃圾影响农村居民的生活环境;收集堆放的垃圾因类型不同而采取不同的处理方式,垃圾分类对垃圾处理至关重要。     

死因统计中的垃圾编码及其处理方法

目的总结垃圾编码产生的原因、分类及处理方法,为公共卫生死因分析以及医务人员填报《死亡医学证明书》提供参考。方法收集国内外有关垃圾编码的相关资料,并进行系统分析。结果垃圾编码的定义、分类以及再分配方法相对明确,参与全球疾病负担研究的100余个国家中,垃圾编码在整个死因数据中平均占25.00%,中国占10.00%~19.00%,中国不同地区差异较明显。结论正确处理垃圾编码对于死因统计具有重要现实意义。     

中山市河涌水面垃圾的管理

在分析中山市市域水面垃圾污染源及治理现状的基础上，结合中山市社会经济发展与自然条件，提出了河涌水面垃圾污染治理的对策以及措施。     

Strikes, flooding, rats, and leptospirosis in Marseille, France

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which weather conditions, the incidence of Leptospira in reservoir populations, and various socio-ecological factors are driving the emergence of leptospirosis in Marseille, France.

Methods

Over the last 30 years our laboratory has surveyed all human cases of leptospirosis in Marseille using clinical, epidemiological, serological, and molecular tools. Data for the weather conditions in Marseille were collected from the official meteorological station, and garbage management strikes were monitored through the local press. Rats were trapped in alleys near to where the patients may have acquired leptospirosis.

Results

Three new cases of autochthonous leptospirosis are reported. The global tendency for rainfall showed a slight increase over the period under analysis. The index case of leptospirosis occurred after a heavy rainfall with flooding. Over the last 10 years Marseille has undergone 82 days of garbage management strikes. Leptospira DNA was detected in two of 11 rats.

Conclusions

The emergence of leptospirosis has become a public health problem in Marseille, and is associated with a combination of heavy rainfall and garbage collection strikes in which garbage is left on the street and thereby contributes to the expansion of the rat population on the surface.     

永定县农村饮用水与环境卫生现状

目的掌握永定县农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状，了解农村垃圾污水治理情况。方法填写统一的农村饮用水调查表和环境卫生调查表，水质检验方法按GB5750-1985进行，结果按《农村实施“生活饮用水卫生标准”准则》评价。结果饮用地面水的占32．5％、地下水的占67．5％，集中式供水的占62．8％，分散式供水的占37．2％，细菌学指标合格率较低；有卫生厕所的占45．4％，生活垃圾随意堆放的占70．0％，生产性垃圾收集堆放的占90．4％，生活污水随意排放的占12．9％，明沟排放的占82．4％，排放河流的占97．4％；生产性污水明沟排放的占96．1％，排放河流的占86．9％；农户喝开水习惯的占91％。家庭垃圾、污水来源为生活垃圾、生活污水。结论农村饮水水源以地下水为主，取水方式以集中式供水为主；改厕进度慢，垃圾污水缺乏治理。为此，要加快农村改水、改厕进度，治理垃圾污水。为制定该县农村饮用水安全发展规划，提出农村改厕与粪便无害化处理，垃圾污水治理策略及社会主义新农村建设提供科学依据。     

生产垃圾燃料提高经济效益

介绍了徐州市垃圾生产煤气实例,并进行了城市环卫系统生产垃圾燃料的经济效益和实用分析.