Changes in brain amino acid content induced by hyposmolar stress and energy deprivation

The changes in endogenous amino acids in brain extracellular and intracellular compartments evoked by hyposmotic stress and energy deprivation were compared. Tissue content and release of ten amino acids were measured simultaneously in rat hippocampal slices by means of high performance liquid chromatography Hyposmotic stress induced a large release of taurine (25568 pmol mg-7 protein), and a smaller release of glutamate, accompanied by an inverse change in tissue content. Adding mannitol to correct osmolarity blocked these changes. Energy deprivation caused an increase in the release of all amino acids except glutamine. The release was particularly large for glutamate and GABA (31141 and 13282 pmol mg^–1 respectively). The intracellular concentrations were generally reduced, but the total amount of the released amino acids increased. In contrast to the effect seen during hyposmolar stress, mannitol enhanced the changes due to energy deprivation. The results show that hyposmolar stress and energy deprivation cause different content and release profiles, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the two situations are either different, or modulated in different ways. The intracellular amino acid depletion seen during energy deprivation shows that increased outward transport is probably a primary eventL, and increased amino acid formation likely secondary to this release. [Neurol Res 1995; 17: 402–408]     

HPLC法同时测定逍遥丸中阿魏酸和甘草酸含量探讨

 目的 探讨HPLC法同时测定逍遥丸中阿魏酸和甘草酸含量的方法。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18 的色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈/磷酸水溶液(0.05％)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长278 nm,柱温35 ℃。结果 阿魏酸的进样量在0.054～0.596 μg范围内(r=0.9995)、甘草酸的进样量在0.110～1.217 μg范围内(r=0.9993)线性关系良好,阿魏酸和甘草酸的平均回收率分别为99.29% (RSD=1.28％,n=6)和98.34% (RSD=1.61％,n=6)。结论 本方法简便快捷,重现性好,结果准确,可用于逍遥丸的质量控制。     

FDA新发布的DHCP信函格式和内容指导原则介绍

亲爱的卫生保健提供者（DHCP）信函由药品生产商或美国食品药品管理局（FDA）迅速直接发给医生和其他需要者,传递药品说明书变化,分为重要药物警告信、重要处方资料信和重要药品信息更正信3种形式。2017年2月FDA发布了“DHCP信函：改善重要安全信息沟通的指导原则”,详细说明了3种信函撰写的内容和格式并列举了范本。介绍该指导原则的主要内容,呼吁我国药品生产企业和药政管理部门借鉴FDA经验,建立符合我国国情的相应机制,使医生和其他需要者能及时获得药品说明书重要的新信息,确保临床用药安全有效。     

血塞通滴丸皂苷类成分含量测定及批次一致性评价研究

目的建立血塞通滴丸超高压液相色谱(UPLC)的指纹图谱方法并测定其主要成分含量,并结合相关化学计量学方法对产品质量批次一致性进行系统、全面和科学的评价。方法采用Agilent 1290 UPLC,Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,对5种皂苷类成分三七皂苷R_1(R_1)及人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd(Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd)进行含量测定,并建立了血塞通滴丸的指纹图谱,通过对指纹图谱的相似度分析、主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)对血塞通滴丸的批次一致性进行全面评价,同时采用Hotelling’s T2和DModX 2种统计量,为不同批次产品的质量设定控制范围。结果 14批样品中,5种皂苷含量较为稳定,设定的质控范围分别为R_1 24.69～30.03 mg/g、Rg_1 102.60～122.44 mg/g、Re 12.93～15.45 mg/g、Rb_1 99.74～112.12 mg/g和Rd 23.35～31.75 mg/g。建立的指纹图谱共标定15个共有峰,经对照品化学指认共鉴定出R_1、Rg_1、Re、Rb_1、Rd 5个色谱峰。14批样品的相似度均大于0.998。PCA分析中14批样品无异常批次,表明血塞通滴丸的批次一致性较高,但存放时间差异在指纹图谱上有所体现;OPLS-DA分析得出,在造成14批样品有渐变趋势的变量中,已定量的Rb1和Rd影响较大;Hotelling’s T~2和DModX的控制上限分别为31.17和1.82。结论所建方法科学准确,简便可靠,不但可以用于血塞通滴丸的质量控制,而且可以对其批次质量一致性进行全面评价,可为解决中药质量批次一致性的共性问题提供借鉴。     

蒲黄药材中香蒲新苷和异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷含量测定方法优化研究

目的建立蒲黄中香蒲新苷和异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷的含量测定方法。方法采用单因素考察方法建立供试品溶液制备方法;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)法测定香蒲新苷和异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷的含量,色谱条件为Waters SunFire~(TM)C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长254 nm,柱温20℃。结果蒲黄药材采用80倍量的甲醇回流提取1.5 h,制备供试品溶液;香蒲新苷在0.245 2~1.471 0μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均加样回收率为98.47%,相对标准偏差(RSD)=2.05%(n=6);异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷在0.191 2~1.147 4μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均加样回收率为100.56%,RSD=2.56%(n=6)。结论所建立的含量测定方法简便准确,重现性好,为蒲黄药材质量控制和评价奠定基础。     

间接竞争ELISA法测定不同厂家葛根芩连片中黄芩苷的含量?

目的用所建立的黄芩苷间接竞争酶联免疫分析(ELISA)法检测不同厂家葛根芩连片中黄芩苷的含量差异。方法利用黄芩苷单克隆抗体,通过考察线性关系、精密度、加样回收率等方法学指标,建立黄芩苷的间接竞争ELISA法,并用所建立的方法测定7个不同厂家葛根芩连片中黄芩苷的含量。结果建立的黄芩苷间接竞争ELISA法的线性范围为16.157~1 280 mg/L,板间精密度RSD≤9.0%,板内精密度RSD≤5.1%,平均回收率为107.1%(RSD=4.9%)。7个厂家生产的葛根芩连片中黄芩苷含量从4.45 mg/片到13.41 mg/片不等。结论间接竞争ELISA法便捷、灵敏、精确、重现性好,可用于测定含黄芩的中药复方中黄芩苷的含量,该方法测得不同厂家的葛根芩连片中黄芩苷的含量差距较大。     

基于文献计量学和内容分析法的腹针研究现状与趋势分析

目的 分析目前已发表的腹针文献,了解腹针研究的现状、存在问题及未来趋势,为该领域的研究和治疗工作提供参考.方法 对国内外数据库进行全面检索,采用文献计量法和内容分析法了解文献内、外部特征.结果 最终获得目标文献1 356篇.腹针疗法已成为热点,但我国不同地区发展不均衡;相关研究涉及医、教、研等多个领域,可治疗疾病143种,颈椎病、腰椎间盘突出症等的研究尤为突出;研究类型以RCT/CCT居多(669篇);已发布腹针国家标准1项、出版专著4部.结论 腹针在临床、科研、教学等方面有非常好的发展,应进一步加强高质量循证研究、建立实践指南等工作,更好地为医疗保健服务.     

Metabolic clues regarding the enhanced performance of elite endurance athletes from orchiectomy-induced hormonal changes

This article examines the metabolic performance of an elite cyclist, Lance Armstrong, before and after his diagnosis with testicular cancer. Although a champion cyclist in 1-day events prior to his diagnosis of testicular cancer at age 25, he was not a contender in multi-day endurance cycle races such as the 3-week Tour de France. His genetic makeup and physiology (high VO2max, long femur, strong heavy build) coupled with his ambition and motivation enabled him at an early age to become one of the best 1-day cyclists in the world. Following his cancer diagnosis, he underwent a unilateral orchiectomy, brain surgery and four cycles of chemotherapy. After recovering, he returned to cycling and surprisingly excelled in the Tour de France, winning this hardest of endurance events 7 years running. This dramatic transformation from a 1-day to a 3-week endurance champion has led many to query how this is possible, and under the current climate, has led to suggestions of doping as to the answer to this metamorphosis. Physiological tests following his recovery indicated that physiological parameters such as VO2max were not affected by the unilateral orchiectomy and chemotherapy. We propose that his dramatic improvement in recovery between stages, the most important factor in winning multi-day stage races, is due to his unilateral orchiectomy, a procedure that results in permanent changes in serum hormones. These hormonal changes, specifically an increase in gonadotropins (and prolactin) required to maintain serum testosterone levels, alter fuel metabolism; increasing hormone sensitive lipase expression and activity, promoting increased free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization to, and utilization by, muscles, thereby decreasing the requirement to expend limiting glycogen stores before, during and after exercise. Such hormonal changes also have been associated with ketone body production, improvements in muscle repair and haematocrit levels and may facilitate the loss of body weight, thereby increasing power to weight ratio. Taken together, these hormonal changes act to limit glycogen utilization, delay fatigue and enhance recovery thereby allowing for optimal performances on a day-to-day basis. These insights provide the foundation for future studies on the endocrinology of exercise metabolism, and suggest that Lance Armstrong's athletic advantage was not due to drug use.