化学发光免疫分析检测丙肝病毒抗体在血液筛查中的应用评价

目的:评价化学发光免疫分析(CLIA)测定丙肝病毒(HCV)抗体的方法学性能在血液筛查中的应用。方法:以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)为酶标记物,以鲁米诺为发光底物,采用双抗原夹心法检测血样中的抗-HCV。建立抗-HCV化学发光酶免疫分析方法,与常规使用的抗-HCV酶联免疫分析方法(ELISA)同时检测20例发光值(RLU)大于14 000的抗-HCV血清阳性标本,再用荧光定量RT-PCR检测;每天用卫生部临床检验中心指定生产的HCV的质控血清对CLIA进行检测,建立自己实验室的该项目临界值浓度,连续6个月对HCV质控血清检测,计算S/CO值,统计分析精密度、CV;用EQA的质控物检测HCV抗体,进行标本符合率计算。结果:CLIA方法的灵敏度为0.02ng/mL,阳性符合率为100%,ELISA的阳性符合率为75.2%,荧光定量RT-PCR检测的阳性符合率为100%。结论:HCV抗体CLIA检测抗-HCV试验方法的敏感性、准确性、稳定性较好,能满足临床输血早期筛查,以排除假阳性,杜绝漏检的风险。     

Impact of school-based health promotion interventions aimed at different behavioral domains: a systematic review

Objective

Given that lifestyleshave similar determinants and that school-based interventions are usually targeted at all the risks that affect adolescents, the objective of this systematic review was to summarize the characteristics and effects of school-based interventions acting on different behavioral domains of adolescent health promotion.

Methods

The review process was conducted by two independent reviewers who searched PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases for experimental or observational studies with at least two measures of results published from 2007 to 2011, given that the research information available doubles every 5 years. Methodological quality was assessed with a standardized tool.

Results

Information was extracted from 35 studies aiming to prevent risk behaviors and promote healthy nutrition, physical activity, and mental and holistic health. Activities were based on theoretical models and were classified into interactive lessons, peer mediation, environmental changes, parents’ and community activities, and tailored messages by computer-assisted training or other resources, usually including multiple components. In some cases, we identified some moderate to large, short- and long-term effects on behavioral and intermediate variable.

Conclusions

This exhaustive review found that well-implemented interventions can promote adolescent health. These findings are consistent with recent reviews. Implications for practice, public health, and research are discussed.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) 13.5 mg in contraception

Background

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) 13.5 mg (total content) is a low-dose levonorgestrel intrauterine system for up to 3 years of use. This analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness of LNG-IUS 13.5 mg in comparison with short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC) methods in a cohort of young women in the United States from a third-party payer's perspective.

Study design

A state transition model consisting of three mutually exclusive health states — initial method, unintended pregnancy (UP) and subsequent method — was developed. Cost-effectiveness of LNG-IUS 13.5 mg was assessed vs. SARC methods in a cohort of 1000 women aged 20–29 years. SARC methods comprise oral contraceptives (OC), ring, patch and injections, which are the methods commonly used by this cohort. Failure and discontinuation probabilities were based on published literature, contraceptive uptake was determined by the most recent data from the National Survey of Family Growth, and costs were taken from standard US databases. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted around key inputs, while scenario analysis assessed a comparison between LNG-IUS 13.5 mg and the existing IUS, LNG-IUS 20 mcg/24 h. The key model output was cost per UP avoided.

Results

Compared to SARC methods, initiating contraception with LNG-IUS 13.5 mg resulted in fewer UP (64 UP vs. 276 UP) and lower total costs ($1,283,479 USD vs. $1,862,633 USD, a 31% saving) over the 3-year time horizon. Results were most sensitive to the probability of failure on OC, the probability of LNG-IUS 13.5 mg discontinuation and the cost of live births. Scenario analysis suggests that further cost savings may be generated with the initiation of LNG-IUS 20 mcg/24 h in place of SARC methods.

Conclusions

From a third-party payer perspective, LNG-IUS 13.5 mg is a more cost-effective contraceptive option than SARC. Therefore, women switching from current SARC use to LNG-IUS 13.5 mg are likely to generate cost savings to third-party health care payers, driven principally by decreased UP-related expenditures and long-term savings in contraceptive costs.     

The Effects of Express Lane Eligibility on Medicaid and CHIP Enrollment among Children

Objective

To estimate the impact of Express Lane Eligible (ELE) implementation on Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in eight states.

Data Sources/Study Setting

2007 to 2011 data from the Statistical Enrollment Data System (SEDS) on Medicaid/CHIP enrollment.

Study Design

We estimate difference-in-difference equations, with quarter and state fixed effects. The key independent variable is an indicator for whether the state had ELE in place in the given quarter, allowing the experience of statistically matched non-ELE states to serve as a formal counterfactual against which to assess the changes in the eight ELE states. The model also controls for time-varying economic and policy factors within each state.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We obtained SEDS enrollment data from CMS.

Principal Findings

Across model specifications, the ELE effects on Medicaid enrollment among children were consistently positive, ranging between 4.0 and 7.3 percent, with most estimates statistically significant at the 5 percent level. We also find that ELE increased combined Medicaid/CHIP enrollment.

Conclusions

Our results imply that ELE has been an effective way for states to increase enrollment and retention among children eligible for Medicaid/CHIP. These results also imply that ELE-like policies could improve take-up of subsidized coverage under the ACA.     

Cost and sustainability of a successful package of interventions to improve vaccination coverage for children in urban slums of Bangladesh

Objective

To estimate the incremental economic costs and explore satisfaction with a highly effective intervention for improving immunization coverage among slum populations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A package of interventions based on extended clinic hours, vaccinator training, active surveillance, and community participation was piloted in two slum areas of Dhaka, and resulted in an increase in valid fully immunized children (FIC) from 43% pre-intervention to 99% post-intervention.

Methods

Cost data and stakeholder perspectives were collected January–February 2010 via document review and 10 key stakeholders interviews to estimate the financial and opportunity costs of the intervention, including uncompensated time, training and supervision costs.

Results

The total economic cost of the 1-year intervention was $18,300, comprised of external management and supervision (73%), training (11%), coordination costs (1%), uncompensated staff time and clinic costs (2%), and communications, supplies and other costs (13%). An estimated 874 additional children were correctly and fully immunized due to the intervention, at an average cost of $20.95 per valid FIC. Key stakeholders ranked extended clinic hours and vaccinator training as the most important components of the intervention. External supervision was viewed as the most important factor for the intervention's success but also the costliest. All stakeholders would like to reinstate the intervention because it was effective, but additional funding would be needed to make the intervention sustainable.

Conclusion

Targeting slum populations with an intensive immunization intervention was highly effective but would nearly triple the amount spent on immunization per FIC in slum areas. Those committed to increasing vaccination coverage for hard-to-reach children need to be prepared for substantially higher costs to achieve results.     

剪切波弹性成像评估腹膜透析患者腹膜硬化程度的应用价值

目的 应用剪切波弹性成像（SWE）评估腹膜透析患者腹膜硬化程度,探讨其临床应用价值。方法 选取我院行持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者168例,根据不同腹膜透析时间分为≤3年组71例、3～11年组78例、≥11年组19例,应用常规超声观测各组肠壁、腹膜厚度及回声、有无钙化等,并对其进行超声评分;应用SWE测量肠壁、腹膜杨氏模量平均值（Emean）,比较各组超声评分、SWE参数的差异;分析超声评分、SWE参数与透析时间的相关性。结果 ≤3年组、3～11年组、≥11年组超声评分分别为0(0,0)分、4.9(3.5,7.4)分、7.5(5.7,8.9)分;≤3年组、3～11年组、≥11年组肠壁Emean分别为1.0(0,2.0)kPa、9.9(6.3,14.1)kPa、11.9(6.5,18.6)kPa,腹膜Emean分别为2.0(0,3.0)kPa、11.4(6.5,20.9)kPa、20.3(11.0,30.4)kPa;3～11年组、≥11年组超声评分及肠壁、腹膜Emean均高于≤3年组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）;3～11年组与≥11年组上述参数比较差异均无统计学意义。...     

Curricular Revision to Increase Use of Quality Improvement Principles in Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

BackgroundA gap was identified related to students’ use of quality improvement (QI) methodologies in their final project, so a curricular change was made to incorporate a health care QI methods course in the curriculum.MethodsWe compared the use of SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) aims and QI evaluation methodologies in doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project proposals in 2 cohorts before and after the curriculum change.ResultsA total of 88 DNP proposals were evaluated.ConclusionIncluding a QI course increased the use of SMART aims but did not influence the use of QI methodologies. Future interventions will target faculty development related to QI.     

Evaluation of a parenting program for children with behavioural problems: Signposts in Singapore

Abstract

Background The Signposts for Building Better Behaviour program, developed by the Parenting Research Centre, Victoria, Australia, was conducted at a public hospital facility in Singapore.

Method More than 1,000 parents completed the program, and filled in questionnaires about their child's behaviours.

Results Parents rated themselves in the questionnaires as being significantly less hassled, stressed, depressed, and anxious after attending the program. They were more confident and satisfied with managing their child, and rated their children's behaviours as having improved. Effect sizes ranged from 0.12 to 0.59. The findings were maintained 3 months after completion of the program.

Conclusions The study provides evidence of the cross-cultural applicability of the principles underlying the Signposts program. As there are long-term repercussions when children's behaviour problems are not dealt with appropriately, such behaviour management programs should be made more available to parents and caregivers.     

单侧隐睾与对侧睾丸癌相关性的系统评价

目的:系统评价单侧隐睾与对侧已降睾丸癌变的相关性,为临床研究及实践提供参考。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Embase、WanFang Data、CNKI和CBM数据库,检索年限为1980年至今,收集所有单侧隐睾与对侧睾丸癌相关性的队列研究及病历对照研究的文献,由3名质量控制员按照设定的纳入标准和排除标准检测相关的参考文献,进行质量评价和资料提取,应用RevMan5.2版软件进行数据的Meta分析处理。结果:共检索出文献1 630篇,符合要求12篇,排除7篇,其中符合要求的5篇纳入此Meta分析。结果共涉及5个病例对照研究,男性隐睾症111例,86例(77%)为同侧和25例(23%)为对侧。合并的相对危险度在同侧和对侧睾丸癌中分别为[SMD=3.04,95%CI(1.88,4.91),P0.01]和[SMD=0.80,95%CI(0.49,1.30),P=0.36]。结论:单侧隐睾导致睾丸癌的风险在双侧睾丸中均会增加,但同侧风险高于对侧。因为受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,上述结论尚有待进一步开展更多大样本、多中心、高质量的队列研究加以验证。