Effects of a low-intensity worksite-based nutrition intervention

Male employees from four local worksites were recruited to participate in a short-term and low-intensity nutrition intervention which focused on promoting low-fat dietary habits. The sites were randomized to control conditions or to the intervention programme that consisted of an individualized health risk appraisal, group sessions, mass media activities and environmental changes. Participants were seen before and three months after intervention to measure blood lipids, nutrition knowledge and dietary changes. Eighty-three per cent of all eligible subjects were screened (n = 770) and follow-up measures were obtained for 82%. The score for nutrition knowledge improved significantly in the intervention group. There was also a net reduction in the intake of total calories and in the percentage of energy from total fat. Reported intake of carbohydrates and proteins increased. For all employees assessed, there were no changes in mean total cholesterol level or fatty acid composition. Only among participants with hypercholesterolemia was a significant reduction in blood cholesterol observed. This low-intensity intervention programme achieved some self-reported dietary changes and was successful (at least in part because statistical regression needs to be considered) in obtaining a more short-term beneficial cholesterol level in employees at higher cardiovascular risk.     

IMS-972电解质分析仪的应用评价

目的：评价ＩＭＳ－９７２电解质分析仪的性能。方法：用ＩＭＳ－９７２电解质分析仪进行钾（Ｋ＋）、钠（Ｎａ＋）、氯（Ｃｌ－）、离子钙（ｉＣａ２＋）的测定,并对其准确度、精密度、线性范围、互染率等方面作了分析,并与ＡＶＬ９８８－３电解质分析仪进行相关性比较。结果：Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－、ｉＣａ２＋批内变异和批间变异分别为１．４３％、０．９６％、０．５１％、１．５１％和１．８５％、１．８７％、０．７９％、４．５０％;回收率为９７．５％～１０２．３％,１００．９％～１０５．８％,９９．０％～１０２．３％,８５．５％～９３．５％。ＩＭＳ－９７２与ＡＶＬ９８８－３所测定的结果进行相关性比较,Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－相关系数分别为０．９８５、０．９９４、０．９８９。结论：ＩＭＳ－９７２型电解质分析仪性能与相关技术指标能满足临床要求,与国外同类产品具有可比性。     

Programmes for tobacco and alcohol users in Australian work-places

This article presents findings from a survey of programmes available for tobacco and alcohol users working in 455 of Australia's top 600 companies. Companies were twice as likely to have programmes for smokers (43%) as for problem drinkers (24%) and these programmes were more apparent in large companies. The majority of programmes for smoking were delivered within a health promotion context which included other life-style issues, such as nutrition, exercise, weight management and stress management. Although Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) were the most commonly available type of work-place programme for excessive drinkers and other drug users, followed by Alcoholics Anonymous and local hospital clinics, only 6% had an EAP for alcohol. Only 21% of programmes for smokers and 12% for excessive alcohol users were evaluated. Around one-quarter of companies knew the costs of smoking programmes, and 9% reported costs of conducting programmes for excessive alcohol consumers.     

Evaluating the mutagenic potential of chemicals the minimal battery and extrapolation problems

During the past ten years growing concern about damage to DNA as an important cause of human ill-health has resulted in an explosive development of the field of genetic toxicology. Adequate regulations to restrict exposure to chemical mutagens require recognition and evaluation of mutagenic activity. For this purpose a qualitative and an extrapolation phase can be distinguished. For the qualitative phase, the minimal battery should consist of at least three tests, that is: (1) tests for gene- or point mutations in bacteria (Salmonella or E. coli) with and without metabolic activation; (2) two tests for point mutations in eukaryotes, or (3) one such test and a test for the detection of chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro. Depending on experience and facilities, a choice of two can be made out of the following four test systems: (1) Tests for point mutations in mammalian cells in vitro, with and without metabolic activation (deficiency for HGPRT, or TK); (2) the sex-linked recessive lethal test with Drosophila melanogaster; (3) tests with yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for point mutations, with and without metabolic activation; (4) tests for chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro, with and without metabolic activation. Two different metabolic activation systems should be employed. For further selection of more sensitive test systems, studies on comparative mutagenesis are considered important. A mammalian test for chromosome aberrations in vivo is not included in this minimal battery. Since under in vivo conditions considerably lower concentrations have to be employed than in vitro, it seems unlikely that positive results will be obtained with an in vivo mammalian cytogenetic assay, following negative results in an in vitro cytogenetic assay or in two different tests for point mutations. The finding that the effective concentration for the production of chromosome breakage events differs from that required to induce point mutations (the two-level effect) will be briefly discussed. When mutagenic compounds are indispensible or, in the case of ubiquitous exposure, a quantification of risks becomes necessary and here one is confronted with many difficulties. Information on damage that is hard to measure directly can be obtained in an indirect way by comparison with end-points that can be determined experimentally, such as alkylation per nucleotide. Names of chemical substances tested: hydroxylamine; diepoxybutane; N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea; methylmethanesulfonate (MMS); DEN; Mitomycin C; Procarbazine; atrazine; benz(a)pyrene; EMS; pyrolitic products; flavonoids; mycotoxins; nitrosamines; TEMGiven at the International Conference Mutagenicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals: Present Status, Paris, 12–14 March, 1980, sponsored by the Fondation de l'Industrie Pharmaceutique pour la Recherche     

Effects of theβ-adrenoceptor antagonists acebutolol and metoprolol on sleep pattern in normal subjects

Summary The effects of acute introduction and withdrawal of 2 new -adrenergic blockers, acebutolol and metoprolol, on sleep in normal subjects were investigated. Both the subjective effects of the drug and EEG sleep variables were determined during a baseline period with placebo and in relation to the drug. The results showed that neither drug had a significant effect on sleep pattern in normal subjects. However, a transient effect on certain sleep parameters was seen on the first night of drug administration, with complete return to baseline, on the following night without any evidence of rebound. Possible mechanisms to explain the central actions of -adrenergic blockers are briefly discussed.     

硫唑嘌呤脂质体的研制

目的 :优选硫唑嘌呤脂质体的处方和制备工艺 ,并评价其质量。方法 :采用薄膜 -振荡分散法制备硫唑嘌呤脂质体 ,以正交试验法优选出制备硫唑嘌呤脂质体的最佳工艺条件。用滴定法测其包封率 ,显微镜法观察其形态 ,测量粒径和粒度分布。结果 :制备的脂质体的包封率达到49 19 % ,透射电子显微镜下观察脂质体为粒径均匀的球状或近球状的多室脂质体 ,小于2 4μm的粒子占78 17 %。结论 :优选得到的脂质体处方和制备工艺合理、稳定     

咪唑斯汀治疗慢性荨麻疹临床疗效评价及对血清IL-4水平的影响

目的：评价咪唑斯汀治疗慢性荨麻疹的疗效，探讨IL-4在慢性荨麻疹发病中的作用。方法：对32例慢性荨麻疹患用咪唑斯汀治疗，评价疗效，记录不良反应。同时用ELISA法检测慢性荨麻疹患治疗前后及正常人血清IL-4的水平。结果：治疗1、2wk后总有效率分别为62．5％、84．4％(P＜0．01)，不良反应3例。治疗前血清IL-4水平较正常人明显升高(P＜0．01)；治疗后IL-4水平下降(P＜0．01)，与正常人比较差异不甚明显(P＞0．05)。结论：咪唑斯汀是一种有效、安全的治疗慢性荨麻疹的药物，能降低慢性荨麻疹患血清IL-4的水平。     

托吡酯单药治疗不同类型癫痫的疗效评价

目的进行托吡酯(妥泰)单药治疗癫痫的疗效评价.方法选择60例癫痫患者,应用托吡酯单药治疗20周.入组前观察并记录基础发作频率.剂量从 25 mg*d-1开始,每周增加 25 mg,共8周,达到有效剂量或 200 mg*d-1后维持治疗12周,观察癫痫发作频率变化及不良反应.结果发作完全控制31例(51.7%),发作减少≥75% 14例(23.3%),发作减少≥50% 4例(6.7%),发作减少<50% 11例(18.3%).发作频率低,病程短的病例,完全控制比例高.治疗过程中无严重不良反应.结论托吡酯可作为初发各型癫痫病人常规单药治疗药物,且耐受性、安全性好.剂量应充分考虑个体化的原则,一般病人用量不超过 100 mg*d-1.     

抗抑郁药的药理特征与临床评价

目的 :研究抗抑郁药的药理特征与临床评价 ,以期为临床合理应用提供参考。方法 :查阅近期相关国内、外文献 ,对各类抗抑郁药的药理特征与临床评价进行介绍。结果与结论 :抗抑郁药品种类繁多 ,临床施治应根据抑郁类型、靶症状、患者躯体状况和药物不良反应等情况个体化用药