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161.
目的评估中小学校学生流感疫苗接种效果,开展疫苗接种的卫生经济学评价,为制定流感疫苗接种策略提供依据。方法采用易感者-潜伏者-显性感染者/隐性感染者-移出者/恢复者(susceptible-exposed-infectious/asymptomatic-removed/recovered,SEIARR)动力学模型对既往疫情数据进行模拟,计算累计罹患率评估疫苗接种效果,计算成本-效果和成本-效益进行卫生经济学评价。结果当流感疫苗接种率为0%、50%、70%和90%时,疫情平均累积罹患率为99.79%(99.75%,99.82%)、70.84%(70.58%,71.09%)、56.81%(56.17%,57.45%)和34.29%(32.46%,36.20%),流感疫苗接种率越高,累计罹患率越低;当疫苗接种率为50%、70%和90%时,疫苗的成本-效果比为:141.03(139.86,142.19)元、133.16(131.34,135.08)元和112.90(110.03,116.11)元,疫苗的成本-效益比为:6.27(6.22,6.32)元、6.65(6.56,6.74)元和7.88(7.66,8.09)元;流感疫苗接种率越高,疫苗的成本-效果越好,成本-效益越高。结论接种流感疫苗能有效降低疫情的累计罹患率,提高接种率能有效增加疫苗接种的卫生经济学效应。  相似文献   
162.
目的 了解某国家级死因监测点居民死亡漏报情况,评价死因监测信息系统报告的完整性和准确性。 方法 某国家级死因监测点居民死亡信息来源于泸县3个抽样点。采用随机整群抽样的方法,在泸县抽取3个镇(抽样点)共42个村/社,分别从派出所、社事办、妇幼、村(居委会)等渠道收集抽样点2018—2020年全部人口死亡信息,与“人口死因监测信息管理系统”死亡报告数据进行比较,计算漏报率。对“人口死因监测信息管理系统”中抽样点居民死亡报告卡进行审核,评估死因诊断的可靠性和编码质量。 结果 泸县人群总死亡漏报率为9.38%;2018—2020年,漏报率逐渐下降,分别为18.31%、7.53%、2.16%,年度变化百分比为-11.9%,变化趋势差异有统计学意义(t=-5.175,P<0.001),抽样点死因诊断可靠性和准确性较高,可靠诊断单位占比81.81%,可靠诊断依据占比75.67%,根本死因编码错误率为0.21%。 结论 泸县死因监测数据质量较好,但仍需进一步降低漏报率,提高死因监测数据的完整性和诊断的可靠性。  相似文献   
163.
目的 研究双色谱柱双FID检测器顶空气相色谱法(双柱双检法)测量乙醇浓度的一致性,探讨不同一致性评价方法应用价值,为司法鉴定中涉嫌“醉驾”案件准确检测乙醇浓度提供理论依据。方法 配置浓度为80mg/100ml 乙醇溶液和4mg/100ml叔丁醇的混合样。使用自动进样器进样,然后用配备色谱柱和双FIDs的HS-GC分别分析样品。共进行了20次试验,分别计算FID-1和FID-2组的乙醇浓度。采用配对 t 检验、Pearson相关分析、组内相关系数、Bland- Altman 法、ATE/LER区域法等,对两组乙醇检测结果进行一致性评价。结果 FID-1组乙醇浓度为(79.57±1.65) mg/100ml,RSD为2.07%;FID-2组为(81.42±1.33) mg/100 ml,RSD为1.63%。配对 t 检验: t =-7.69( P <0.001);Pearson相关系数: r =0.757( P <0.001);组内相关系数: ICC =0.739( P <0.001);Bland-Altman 法显示,95%的点均落在一致性限内;ATE/LER区域法显示,100%点落在ATE区域,无点落在LER区域。结论 推荐联合使用Bland- Altman图分析法、ATE/LER区域法和组内相关系数作为双柱双检法检测样本中乙醇浓度的一致性评价方法。 双柱双检法测量乙醇浓度的一致性良好。但还应结合测量不确定度等方面对FID-1、FID-2的结果进一步研究。  相似文献   
164.
目的:评价甘肃省食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学调查报告质量,发现基层流行病学调查过程中存在的问题并提出指导意见。方法:收集2016—2020年甘肃省食源性疾病暴发事件监测系统中,发病人数≥10例的食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学调查报告,按照相应标准对流行病学调查报告中各项指标进行评价。结果:共收集68起食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学调查报告。报告普遍存在条理性差、层次混乱不清,虽然书写了相应的指标但内容过于简单且不够规范的问题;报告还存在描述性流行病学调查不够全面、深入,分析流行病学欠缺,食品卫生学调查不充分等问题;仅有50.00%(34/68)的调查查明了致病因子和污染食物,39.71%(27/68)的调查查明了污染原因,14.71%(10/68)的调查找出了完整证据链。结论:甘肃省基层工作人员食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学调查不够深入、细致,病因调查和推断较少,几乎未开展分析流行病学调查,调查报告得出的结论依据不够充分;流行病学调查和调查报告书写质量均需要加强和提高;相关部门应基层流行病学调查队伍建设,对技术人员进行中长期的理论与实践相结合的培训。  相似文献   
165.
摘 要:目的:评价甘肃省食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学调查报告质量,发现基层流行病学调查过程中存在的问题并提 出指导意见。方法:收集2016—2020年甘肃省食源性疾病暴发事件监测系统中,发病人数≥10例的食源性疾病暴发事件的 流行病学调查报告,按照相应标准对流行病学调查报告中各项指标进行评价。结果:共收集 68起食源性疾病暴发事件的流 行病学调查报告。报告普遍存在条理性差、层次混乱不清,虽然书写了相应的指标但内容过于简单且不够规范的问题;报告 还存在描述性流行病学调查不够全面、深入,分析流行病学欠缺,食品卫生学调查不充分等问题;仅有50.00% (34/68) 的 调查查明了致病因子和污染食物,39.71% (27/68) 的调查查明了污染原因,14.71% (10/68) 的调查找出了完整证据链。结 论:甘肃省基层工作人员食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学调查不够深入、细致,病因调查和推断较少,几乎未开展分析流行病 学调查,调查报告得出的结论依据不够充分;流行病学调查和调查报告书写质量均需要加强和提高;相关部门应基层流行病 学调查队伍建设,对技术人员进行中长期的理论与实践相结合的培训。  相似文献   
166.
《Value in health》2022,25(6):944-953
ObjectivesClinical genomics is emerging as a diagnostic tool in the identification of blood relatives at risk of developing heritable diseases. Our objective was to identify how genetic cascade screening has been incorporated into health economic evaluations.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to identify how multiple generations of a family were included in economic evaluations of clinical genomic sequencing, how many and which relatives were included, and uptake rates. Databases were searched for full economic evaluations of genetic interventions that screened multiple generations of families and were in English language, and no restrictions were made for disease or publication type. Data were synthesized using a narrative approach.ResultsTwenty-five studies were included covering a range of diseases in various countries. Markov cohort models were mostly used with hypothetical populations and unsupported by clinical evidence. Cascade testing was either the primary intervention or secondary to the index cases. The number and type of relatives were based on assumptions or identified through population or family records, clinical registry data, or clinical literature. Studies included only immediate family members and the uptake of testing ranged between 20% and 100%. All interventions were reported as cost-effective, and a higher number of relatives was a key driver.ConclusionsSeveral economic evaluations have considered the impacts of cascade testing interventions within clinical genomics. Ideally, models supported with high-quality clinical data are needed and, in their absence, transparent and justifiable assumptions of uptake rates and choices about including relatives. Consideration of more appropriate modeling types is required.  相似文献   
167.
《Value in health》2022,25(1):10-31
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces the previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, and the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as healthcare, public health, education, and social care). This Explanation and Elaboration Report presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist with recommendations and explanation and examples for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals and the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. Nevertheless, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, given that there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.  相似文献   
168.
《Value in health》2022,25(5):773-784
ObjectivesAs healthcare systems continue to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, cost-effectiveness evidence will be needed to identify which tests and treatments for COVID-19 offer value for money. We sought to review economic evaluations of diagnostic tests and treatments for COVID-19, critically appraising the methodological approaches used and reporting cost-effectiveness estimates, using a “living” systematic review approach.MethodsKey databases (including MEDLINE, EconLit, Embase) were last searched on July 12, 2021. Gray literature and model repositories were also searched. Only full economic evaluations published in English were included. Studies were quality assessed and data were extracted into standard tables. Results were narratively summarized. The review was completed by 2 reviewers independently, with disagreements resolved through discussion with a senior reviewer.ResultsOverall, 3540 records were identified, with 13 meeting the inclusion criteria. After quality assessment, 6 were excluded because of very severe limitations. Of the 7 studies included, 5 were cost-utility analyses and 2 were cost-effectiveness analyses. All were model-based analyses. A total of 5 evaluated treatments (dexamethasone, remdesivir, hypothetical) and 2 evaluated hypothetical testing strategies. Cost-effectiveness estimates were sensitive to the treatment effect on survival and hospitalization, testing speed and accuracy, disease severity, and price.ConclusionsPresently, there are few economic evaluations for COVID-19 tests and treatments. They suggest treatments that confer a survival benefit and fast diagnostic tests may be cost effective. Nevertheless, studies are subject to major evidence gaps and take inconsistent analytical approaches. The evidence may improve for planned updates of this “living” review.  相似文献   
169.
《Value in health》2022,25(12):1947-1957
ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of offering once-off birth cohort testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) to people in Ireland born between 1965 and 1985, the cohort with the highest reported prevalence of undiagnosed chronic HCV infection.MethodsSystematic and opportunistic HCV birth cohort testing programs, implemented over a 4-year timeframe, were compared with the current practice of population risk-based testing only in a closed-cohort decision tree and Markov model hybrid over a lifetime time horizon. Outcomes were expressed in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Costs were presented from the health system’s perspective in 2020 euro (€). Uncertainty was assessed via deterministic, probabilistic, scenario, and threshold analyses.ResultsIn the base case, systematic testing yielded the largest cost and health benefits, followed by opportunistic testing and risk-based testing. Compared with risk-based testing, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for opportunistic testing was €14 586 (95% confidence interval €4185-€33 527) per QALY gained. Compared with opportunistic testing, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for systematic testing was €16 827 (95% confidence interval €5106-€38 843) per QALY gained. These findings were robust across a range of sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsBoth systematic and opportunistic birth cohort testing would be considered an efficient use of resources, but systematic testing was the optimal strategy at willingness-to-pay threshold values typically used in Ireland. Although cost-effective, any decision to introduce birth cohort testing for HCV (in Ireland or elsewhere) must be balanced with considerations regarding the feasibility and budget impact of implementing a national testing program given high initial costs and resource use.  相似文献   
170.
通过查阅古代相关本草、医籍、经史及近现代文献资料,笔者对藿香类药材的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、栽培、采收加工及炮制方法等进行了系统梳理与考证,可为含藿香类药材的经典名方开发利用提供依据。通过本草考证分析可知,历代本草多以“藿香”为正名,所用主流基原均为Pogostemon cablin,为区别于明代以来我国民间习用的同科另一种植物土藿香Agastache rugosa及推崇道地产区而有“广藿香”之名;广藿香原产于越南等东南亚国家,早期因作香料经广东等地传入我国,宋代以来便已在我国南方引种成功;药用部位多为其干燥地上部分,亦有将其叶、梗分开单独使用;历代推崇的道地产区为广东,现广东广州、肇庆、湛江和海南省多有栽培,以石牌所产最为知名;广藿香主要为扦插繁殖,二月生苗,六月采收;产地加工方法主要为闷晒法,放置阳光下反复闷晒至有芳香气味、颜色转黄;炮制方法多以净选后生品入药。基于考证结果,建议养胃汤中所用藿香以P. cablin为基原,取叶片生品入药,而藿朴夏苓汤则建议选择土藿香A. rugosa除去根及老茎的生品入药。  相似文献   
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