The clinical physiology of aging

International Urology and Nephrology -     

HBV 感染、家族肝癌史与 ABO 血型在低发区原发性肝癌的关系

本文研究了高、低发区５１０例ＰＨＣＨＢＶ感染、家族肝癌史及与ＡＢＯ血型的关系，结果表明：１肝癌低发区与高发区一样，合并ＨＢＶ感染的ＰＨＣ患者达８０．７４％，远多于无ＨＢＶ感染者；男性多于女性；有家族肝癌史的ＰＨＣ患者占４０．００％，且合并ＨＢＶ感染的ＰＨＣ有家族肝癌史者显著多于ＨＢＶ阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；２低发区ＰＨＣ中，有家族肝癌史的Ａ型血者显著多于相应对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示我国肝癌低发区ＰＨＣ发生的最重要外因亦为ＨＢＶ感染，遗传易感性则是其内因；而有ＨＢＶ感染或有家族肝癌史者是ＰＨＣ的高危人群，且后者中的Ａ型血者更为易患，对这一人群需加强监测，警惕ＰＨＣ的发生。     

Helicobacter pylori Risk Associated with Sibship Size and Family History of Gastric Diseases in Japanese Adults

Helicobacter pylori is thought to be a cause of gastric cancer. Risk factors of H. pylori positivity were investigated among 4,361 public service workers in Japan. Sera and information on family history and lifestyle were collected, and H. pylori antibody was measured using the sera. Sex- and age-adjusted odds ratios of factors expected to influence H. pylori seropositivity were calculated. The factors with a significant influence were included in a logistic regression model and the final model was obtained by backward elimination. Sibship size (4 and more vs. 1), smoking habit (current vs. never), and paternal and siblings' histories of gastric diseases showed significant relationships to H. pylori seropositivity, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.5 (1.0–2.1), 0.8 (0.7–0.9), 1.5 (1.3–1.8) and 1.7 (1.1–2.6) respectively. However, spouse's history was not related. In the final model, sibship size and paternal history remained as positive factors, and smoking as a negative one. Contradictory results on the relationship between H. pylori status and smoking among recent studies indicate the existence of hidden confounding factors. It is suggested that infection from family members in childhood considerably affects the H. pylori status of Japanese adults, whereas infection between adults is rare.     

家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响

目的探讨家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响,以降低学龄前儿童行为问题的发生率.方法采用问卷调查的方法对600名4～5岁儿童的行为及家庭环境进行调查,应用SPSS软件进行多元回归分析.结果不同家庭精神环境特征对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响不同,且存在明显的性别差异.影响男性儿童行为问题的家庭特征有亲密度、矛盾性、知识性、组织性和成功性;影响女性儿童的家庭特征有亲密度、矛盾性、知识性、组织性、成功性和娱乐性.结论家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为发育产生重要影响.在进行学龄前儿童行为问题的诊断和干预时,要重视家庭环境的作用,并要注意性别差异.     

家庭环境与儿童期性虐待发生的单因素分析

目的了解家庭环境与儿童期性虐待发生的关系,为儿童期性虐待的预防提供依据。方法对某学院18岁以上的701名女生进行自填式问卷调查。结果生活在重组家庭中的儿童性虐待的报告率高于核心家庭,父、母亲经常在家庭中使用暴力、有不良嗜好、体弱多病、家庭关系紧张(父母之间、父母与祖父母之间、父母与孩子之间)是性虐待发生的危险因素;女童也是性虐待发生的危险因素。结论家庭环境在儿童期性虐待发生中起重要作用。     

亲子鉴定在计划生育工作中的应用分析

目的:探讨同步分型STR位点测试在计划生育工作中亲子鉴定中的应用及意义。方法:采用同步扩增、同步电泳分离,同步银染、同步多个短串联重复序列(STR)分型DNA分析方法进行亲子鉴定。结果:在30例三联体亲子鉴定案例中,排除亲生关系11例,占36.67%。16个位点的累计非父排除率0.99999878,平均匹配概率4.30×10-18。结论:同步分型STR位点的测试简便、快速,所得的结果准确可靠,重复性强。它不但可为司法机关解决相关案件提供有力证据,还可开展为计划生育工作提供法律依据。     

计划生育服务机构医疗废弃物处理的调查研究

目的调查由计划生育技术操作而产生的医疗废弃物是否得到正确处理。方法采用随机抽样方法抽取本省45个县(市)级以下乡镇计划生育服务站(所)工作人员,以问卷调查的形式对调查内容进行统计学分析。结果使用过的医疗废弃物6%~60%回收,6%~33%丢弃,6%~73%烧毁,6%~93%填埋。结论应加强对计划生育技术服务人员对医疗废弃物处理管理等相关知识及操作方法的培训,严格按照规定对医疗废物进行处理。     

Choice of contraception

Although we now have many contraceptives, couples still have a negative perception of their personal choices. Many know little about methods other than the combined pill and the condom, and in particular, knowledge of long-acting methods is very poor. Methods that are very safe, such as barriers and natural family planning, are unfortunately not very effective. Meanwhile, the very effective methods—the hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine devices (IUDs)—raise more concerns about health risks and side effects. A woman's choice of contraceptive will be influenced by many factors, and her requirements will change with time. As prescribers, it is our responsibility to ensure that couples are given sufficient and appropriate information to enable them to make decisions.     

父母教养方式与海洛因依赖者人格特征的关联性研究

目的:探讨海洛因依赖者父母教养方式对其人格的影响.方法:运用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)及艾森克个性成人问卷(EPQ)对100名具有高中文化、年龄在19～24岁的海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查,并与100名正常人群加以比较分析.结果:①研究组中父母教养方式及海洛因依赖者人格特征与对照组存在差异性.其中父亲的FSS2(惩罚、严厉)、FSS3(过分干涉)、FSS6(过度保护);母亲的MSS2(过分干涉、过度保护)、MSS4(惩罚、严厉)因子得分均高于对照组.父亲的FSS1(情感温暖、理解)因子得分低于对照组,差别具有显著或非常显著性意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).②艾森克个性成人问卷(EPQ),研究组中N(神经质)、P(精神质)、L(掩饰性)、E(内外向)因子得分均高于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论:海洛因依赖者父母教养方式对其人格特征的影响与正常人有着明显不同.温暖、理解的教养方式有利于子女个性发展和正常人格的形成;父母惩罚严厉、易形成情绪不稳、敏感、掩饰性等人格特征.本文为预防青少年吸毒提供了理论依据.     

Long-term predictors of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in subjects with family history of type 2 diabetes: A 12-years follow-up of the Brisighella Heart Study historical cohort

AimTo identify and quantify the role of different risk factors in the long-term development of IFG and T2DM in a rural Italian population sample with family history of T2DM.MethodsWe selected a sample of 1271 adult subjects from among those 1851 consecutively visited during four consecutive Brisighella Heart Study surveys (1996–2008), then selecting those ones with a family history of T2DM. Thus, we obtained a final sample including 545 subjects and for which a full clinical and ematochemistry data set was available.ResultsThe Cox-regression model better predicting the incident IFG and T2DM included age, gender, FPG, TG and SUA. The model best predicting the incident IFG status alone (without T2DM) is very similar to that predicting both IFG and T2DM, including the same predictors. Finally, the model best predicting T2DM (excluding IFG) simply includes FPG, BMI and ALT/AST ratio. Repeating the Cox-regression analysis using BMI as a covariate, TG appears to be also a significant predictor of T2DM (HR 1.018 95% CI 1.009–1.041, p = 0.013).ConclusionIn a sample of subjects with a family history of diabetes the best long-term predictors of IFG are age, gender, FPG, TG and SUA, while those of T2DM are FPG and BMI.