Comorbidity and social phobia: evidence from clinical,epidemiologic, and genetic studies

This paper reviews evidence from clinical, epidemiologic, and family studies regarding the association between social phobia and other syndromes. Social phobia is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and affective disorders in both clinical and community samples. An average of 80% of social phobics identified in community samples meet diagnostic criteria for another lifetime condition. Social phobia is most strongly associated with other subtypes of anxiety disorders, with an average of 50% of social phobics in the community reporting a concomitant anxiety disorder including another phobic disorder, generalized anciety, or panic disorder. Approximately 20% of subjects in the community meet lifetime criteria for a major depressive disorder. The onset of social phobia generally precedes that of all other disorders, with the exception of simple phobia. Both clinical severity and treated prevalence are consistently greater among social phobics with comorbid disorders The results of family and twin studies reveal that shared etiologic factors explain a substantial proportion of the comorbidity between social phobia and depression, whereas the association between social phobia and alcoholism derives from a nonfamilial causal relationship between the two conditions. Clinical and phenomenologic implications of these findings are discussed.     

High-Risk Drinking across the Transition from High School to College

Alcohol use and related problems were studied from the senior year in high school to the first autumn in college for 366 heavy drinking students. Four risk factors-subject sex, family history of drinking problems, prior conduct problems, and type of college residence-were evaluated as predictors of: (1) differential changes in drinking rates, (2) differential changes in alcohol-related problems, and (3) alcohol dependence symptoms during the first college term. Results suggest that both dispositional and environmental factors are associated with changes in drinking rates and the existence of dependence symptoms. Increases in the frequency of drinking were specifically and strongly associated with residence in a fraternity (men) or sorority (women). Three risk factors were associated with increased quantity of drinking: male gender, residence in a fraternity or sorority, and a history of conduct problems. Prior conduct problems were also consistently associated with dependence symptoms during the first term in college. A family history of alcohol problems was not consistently related to changes in use rates or problems, although some analyses suggest interactive effects. Early interventions on college campuses should target individuals using additive risk profiles.     

一个进行性肌营养不良症家系的研究

目的寻找由DNA损伤(如突变)引起的人类表型缺陷,为人类遗传资源的收集与保藏以及人类基因结构与功能的研究打下基础。方法通过实地调查得到表型缺陷家系,然后进行系谱分析。结果得到一进行性肌营养不良家系,4代41位成员中有12例患者。结论进行性肌营养不良是由DNA损伤引起的人类表型缺陷;该病症符合常染色体显性遗传;该病的发生具有一定的外显率和表现度。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与脑梗死的相关性分析

目的　探讨载脂蛋白 E基因多态性与脑梗死的关系。方法　通过聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR- RFL P)分析结合 DNA直接银染技术检测 6 6例脑梗死 (CI)患者的载脂蛋白 E(Apo E)基因型 (其中家系中有明确脑梗死先证者的家族聚集性脑梗死 (FMACI)亚组 2 6例 ,家系中无脑卒中史的非家族聚集性脑梗死 (NF-MACI)亚组 4 0例 ) ,并与 90例健康对照组比较 ,同时检测血脂、脂蛋白 (a) [L P(a) ]及部分载脂蛋白。结果　脑梗死组ε3/4基因型频率明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,ε3/3基因型频率明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ;两脑梗死亚组之间的ε3/4/ε3/3基因型频率虽有上升 /下降趋势 ,但未发现明显的统计学差异 ;FMACI组高密度脂蛋白 (HDL )水平明显低于 NFMACI组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 Apo E基因多态性与脑梗死的发生有关 ,ε4等位基因是脑梗死的易感因子 ,ε3等位基因对脑梗死的发生有保护作用 ;Apo E基因多态性和 HDL水平双重作用于家族聚集性脑梗死的发生。     

SARS家庭聚集型病例8例报告分析

SARS是由变异冠状病毒引起的新型烈性传染病，具有在家庭和医院内聚集发病的特点。其影像学表现对于临床诊断和随诊观察具有重要价值。本文报告了分属3个家庭的8个病例发病早期(1周)影像学表现(包括胸部平片和CT)和部分临床表现资料，讨论并分析SARS早期影像学表现的若干特点及与临床表现之间的关系。     

Preterm Birth: Implications for Family Stress and Coping

The event of preterm birth represents a significant risk to the equilibrium of the family, often placing the family under significant stress. This paper is intended to assist neonatal nurses in understanding factors related to a family's appraisal of stress and strategies used for coping. Such factors are an important consideration in planning the most effective interventions to support optimal family adaptation to their preterm infant's birth. In identifying the best clinical approaches to supporting a family coping with the event of a preterm birth, nurses need to consider levels of the evidence that supports adoption of clinical intervention strategies. Working to reduce family stress and improve family coping ensures the most optimal home environment for the preterm infant to grow and thrive in after discharge.     

鲁南地区大气花粉及其致病性探讨

目的 探讨鲁南地区气传花粉的种类，分布，数量及其致病性。方法 采用空气曝片的方法，连续2年收集气传花粉，在光学显微镜下进行阅片鉴定，并将采集到的花粉处理后，制备成花粉变应原疫苗，进行皮肤试验。结果 2年共收集花粉10813粒，18个科属，每年3－5月和8－9月出现飘散高峰。主要致敏花粉是蒿属，Lu草，杨树及松树花粉。结论 鲁南地区的气传花粉主要包括Lu草属，松属，杨属，蒿属，藜属，柳属，榆属，禾本科，地肤，臭椿属，蓖麻属，柏科，核桃，向白葵属，栎属，桦属，银杏属，豚草等，以Lu草，松属，杨属，蒿属，藜属，禾本科花粉量较大，占70％。主要致敏花粉是蒿属，Lu草，杨树及松树花粉。     

心理保健教育对入伍新兵人格特征的影响

目的：探讨心理保健教育对新兵个性特征的影响。方法：采用：采用修订的成人艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）对2180名新兵个性特征进行调查，尔后以《军人精神卫生保健常识》为教材对他们进行心理健康保健教育，三年后对1533名完成者再次进行EPQ调查。结果：新兵及其自身对照级精神质（P）量表分均低于袭氏和艾氏常模，而内外向（E）量表分、神经质（N）量表分和效度（L）量表分均低于袭氏和艾氏常模，新兵内外向（E）量表分高于其自身对照组，而精神质（P），神经质（N）及效度（L）量表分则低于其自身对照组，而中间、外向、倾向外向则高于自身对照组（P＜0．05）；情绪稳定性也以中间型为多（分别为65．27％和68．95％），稳定和中间入伍新兵低于自身对照组，而倾向不稳定和不稳入伍则高于自身对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：心理保健教育对新兵个性特征有积极的影响。     

矿区居民预防艾滋病／性传播疾病同伴教育效果研究

目的　调查对矿区居民开展预防艾滋病 /性传播疾病同伴教育的效果。方法　以自愿报名的方式选取山西省大同市永定庄矿区矿工 2 5名 ,均为男性 ,平均年龄为 3 4 0± 8 3岁 ;矿工家属 2 5名 ,均为女性 ,平均年龄为 46 8± 1 1 7岁。在矿工组和矿工家属组中各随机抽取 1名作为同伴教育者进行培训。培训合格的同伴教育者以不同的形式对其余 2 4名同伴进行 1个小时的教育。于教育前和教育后 1周对每组的 2 4名同伴就艾滋病/性传播疾病的知、信、行做问卷调查。并于 1周后按单纯随机抽样方法在每组选取 8人分别进行访谈。结果　在同伴教育者中 ,关于艾滋病 /性传播疾病的一般知识答对率培训前为 2 6 4% ,培训后为 77 6% ;关于传播途径 ,培训前为 2 3 2 % ,培训后为 90 8% ;关于相关的预防措施 ,培训前为 3 5 4% ,培训后为 74 9%。所有的同伴教育者认为艾滋病 /性传播疾病健康教育是必要的 ,同伴教育是一种有效的方式。结论　在矿工及其家属中开展艾滋病 /性传播疾病同伴教育是有效的     

神经症与精神分裂症患者家庭环境的对照研究

目的：探讨神经症患者家庭环境的特点。方法：采用家庭环境量表中文版，对50例神经症患者进行调查 ，并按1：1配对原则分别与50例精神分裂症，50例正常对照组进行比较。结果：（1）与正常对照组相比神经症患者的家庭关系表现为低亲密度、高矛盾性及道德宗教观的差异；（2）与精神分裂症相比仅表现为控制性差，而两对照组之间表现为精神分裂症患者家庭低亲密度、高矛盾性、文化娱乐性缺乏和道德宗教观的不同。结论：不良的家庭环境，对子女患精神疾病有重要影响，但它们之间没有明显特异性。