Trends in burn injury mortality in Spain (1979–2018): Sex-specific age-cohort-period effects

BackgroundPrevious studies about burns mortality are often exclusively based on hospital and burn centre data. National population-based reports on this topic are rather limited. The aim of this study was to analyse sex- and age-specific mortality rates of burns in Spain during the period 1979–2018.MethodsAge-standardised burns mortality rates were calculated from death records and mid-year population data were provided by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Joinpoint regression analyses were used to identify significant points of change in trends over time and to compute average annual per cent change (AAPC). Age, period and cohort effects were also analysed.ResultsMortality due to burn injury decreased in both sexes between 1979 and 2018: from the first quinquennium of this period up to the last one age-adjusted mortality rates decreased from 1.37 to 0.49 per 100,000 in men and from 0.96 to 0.26 per 100,000 in women.ConclusionsBurns mortality rates in Spain have been decreasing during the last decades. Promotion of primary prevention measures should continue.     

Definition and epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury

Background/objectivesThe definition of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, has been a matter of controversy, which makes comparison between studies difficult. Incidence varies greatly from one country to another. The present article reviews definitions and epidemiology.MethodsLiterature review.ResultsAccording to the Mild TBI Committee of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, revised by the World Health Organization (WHO), mTBI is defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale score between 13 and 15 at 30 minutes post-injury, and one or more of the following symptoms: <30 min loss of consciousness; <24 hours post-traumatic amnesia (PTA); impaired mental state at time of accident (confusion, disorientation, etc.); and/or transient neurological deficit. If a focal lesion is found on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the term “complicated mild TBI” has been proposed. Incidence of mTBI is 200–300/100,000 persons per year for hospitalized patients and probably twice as high if non-hospitalized patients are included. However, a few recent population-based studies reported a much higher rate (>700/100,000). A changing pattern of epidemiology has been found in high-income countries, related to a decrease in road-accident injuries in young adults, while conversely the proportion of falls has increased with population aging.ConclusionMild TBI is a major public health concern, the epidemiology of which has greatly changed in the last twenty years.     

基于SEER数据库建立小肝癌患者远处转移预测模型

目的 建立可有效预测小肝癌患者远处转移风险的列线图。方法 从SEER（Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results）数据库提取2010年1月至2016年12月诊断的5 595例小肝癌患者的临床病理资料,采用随机数字法按7:3分为训练组（n=3 915）和验证组（n=1 680）。对训练组采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选影响远处转移的独立危险因素并构建小肝癌患者远处转移预测模型。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线及校正曲线评估模型的预测准确性,采用决策曲线评价列线图的临床效用。结果 训练组多因素Logistic分析显示婚姻状况（HR 1.541,95%CI 1.182~2.010,P=0.001）、癌结节数目（HR 2.005,95%CI 1.483~2.710,P<0.001）、T分期（HR 2.076,95%CI 1.176~3.664,P=0.012）、N分期（HR 7.753,95%CI 5.349~11.238,P<0.001）、病理分化程度（HR 1.706,95%CI 1.098~2.652,P=0.018）、甲胎蛋白（HR 1.830,95%CI 1.313~2.550,P<0.001）是小肝癌远处转移的独立危险因素。训练组、验证组中ROC曲线下面积（AUC值）分别为0.805（95%CI 0.778~0.832）和0.829（95%CI 0.791~0.868）,校准曲线表明预测值与实际值有良好的一致性,决策曲线显示模型有良好的临床效用。结论 基于SEER数据库建立小肝癌患者远处转移的预测模型具有良好的预测准度,有助于外科医师评估患者远处转移风险,从而为患者提供个体化的诊疗。     

Retrospective study of functional outcomes and disability after non-ischaemic vascular causes of spinal cord dysfunction

Objective: Describe demographic characteristics, functional outcomes and disability following rehabilitation for non-ischemic vascular spinal cord dysfunction (SCDys).Design: Retrospective, open cohort, case series.Setting: Tertiary rehabilitation unit, Victoria, Australia.Participants: Patients with non-ischemic vascular SCDys admitted over a 21-year-period (01/01/1995–31/12/2015) were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes.Outcome Measures: Demographic characteristics, etiology, neurologic classification, length of stay (LOS), and complications. On admission and discharge, the following were collected: functional independence measure (FIM) motor subscale, details on bowel, bladder, mobility, living arrangement, and support services.Results: 36 patients (female 58%; mean age 69 ± 16 years) were identified. The main causes of non-ischemic vascular SCDys were epidural hematoma (39%), dural arteriovenous fistula (17%), and arteriovenous malformation (11%). 22 cases (61%) were iatrogenic. Most (86%) had incomplete paraplegia. Urinary tract infection was the most common complication (64%). Median LOS in rehabilitation was 68 days. Significant improvement in FIM motor scores was observed from admission (median 25, interquartile range [IQR] 20–38) to discharge (median 69, IQR 38–77) (P < 0.001). On discharge, 4 patients (11%) walked >100 m unaided, 6 (17%) walked >100 m with assistive device, 10 (28%) walked >10 m with assistive device, 15 (41%) were wheelchair dependent and 1 (3%) patient remained non-mobile. 20 patients (56%) were discharged home, 8 (22%) to nursing home, and 8 (22%) transferred to another hospital.Conclusion: Most patients returned home with significantly improved functional outcomes compared to rehabilitation admission, but with the majority having ongoing major disabilities based on FIM motor scores.     

Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine among Kaiser Permanente Hawaii enrollees aged 50 and older: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has been on the rise for decades in the United States. Clinical trials for the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) demonstrated vaccine efficacy of over 90% in preventing herpes zoster. However, there is limited information on its effectiveness outside of a clinical trial setting, as well as its effectiveness against herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).MethodsA de-identified electronic health records database from Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) was used to conduct this retrospective cohort study to assess the effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine against HZ and HZO in immunocompetent, vaccine age-eligible individuals without a prior history of HZ, who were continuously enrolled in KPH for ≥365 days prior to becoming age-eligible for RZV between January 1, 2018, through December 31, 2019.ResultsA total of 78 356 adults were included in this study, with 11 864 (15.1%) adults receiving two valid doses of the recombinant zoster vaccine. The incidence rate of HZ was 325.6 (95% CI: 217.7 to 464.4) cases per 100 000 person-years in vaccinated persons compared to 1063.3 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 1006.0 to 1122.8) in the unvaccinated group. The incidence rate of HZO was 11.9 (95% CI: 0.7 to 52.3) cases per 100 000 person-years in the vaccinated group compared to 72.1 (95% CI: 58.0 to 88.3) in the unvaccinated group. RZV was 83.5% (95% CI: 74.9% to 89.2%) effective against HZ and 93.3% (95% CI: 48.7% to 99.1%) effective against HZO.ConclusionsRZV has demonstrated high effectiveness against both HZ and HZO outside of a clinical trial setting in the United States. Vaccine coverage is low, emphasizing the need for public health efforts to increase vaccination to reduce morbidity from HZ and HZO.     

2015—2019年四川省流感哨点监测结果分析

目的 描述四川省2015—2019年流感病毒流行特征,为疫情防控提供依据。方法 对流感监测系统上报的流感样病例数据开展回顾性流行病学分析。结果 2015—2019年间,四川省共监测流感样病例标本131 477份,其中阳性标本23 844份,流感阳性率为18.14%。2015—2019年四川省优势流感亚型主要为甲型H1N1,季节性H3N2和B(Victoria)系流感。流感阳性率随月份、季节而改变,四川省流感阳性率高峰主要出现在冬季,其次为秋季。甲型流感主要在秋冬季流行,乙型流感主要在冬春季流行。流感病毒阳性检出率在5～14岁组年龄段最高。结论 四川省流感有明显的冬季流行高峰,各型别呈交替流行。秋冬季应加强流感防控工作;甲型和乙型流感好发于5～14岁群体,应继续加强对儿童学生流感的防控。     

安徽省2010—2019年9～18岁中小学生超重与肥胖流行趋势分析

目的 了解安徽省 2010—2019年中小学生超重和肥胖的流行趋势,为制定有效的干预措施提供依据。方法 于2010年、2014年和2019年分别采用分层整群随机抽样的方法获取安徽省在校中小学生有效数据7459份、8789份和5821份,应用中国肥胖工作组(WGOC) “中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI分类标准”进行筛查,比较超重和肥胖变化情况。结果 2019年安徽省9～18岁中小学生的超重、肥胖检出率分别为15.3%和10.0%,男生超重、肥胖检出率分别为18.4%和13.0%,女生超重、肥胖检出率分别为12.2%和7.1%;城市学生超重、肥胖检出率分别为 16.3%和12.3%,乡村学生超重、肥胖检出率分别为14.2%和7.7%。2010—2019 年安徽省 9～18 岁中小学生超重、肥胖检出率表现出持续增长的趋势。结论 2010—2019年安徽省9～18岁中小学生超重、肥胖检出率处于增长趋势,超重、肥胖检出率存在性别及城乡差异。     

2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见发热呼吸道病原流行特征比较分析

目的 了解2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见6种发热呼吸道病原的检出情况、流行规律和感染特点,为新冠疫情常态化防控提供理论依据。方法 应用Real time RT-PCR技术对2020年1月20日至2020年2月16日期间宁夏疾病预防控制中心收检的COVID-19筛查样本进行SARS-CoV-2和Flu等常见发热呼吸道病原进行定性检测,并收集各病原阳性患者人口学特征资料。结果 529例COVID-19筛查样本中,SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率为13.23%（70/529）。对COVID-19筛查样本中180份符合条件的FRS病例样本进行6种其他呼吸道病毒病原检测,阳性检出率为12.78%（23/180）,其中检出率较高的病原为Flu和HRSV,阳性率分别为5.00%和2.78%。各时间段内SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率存在两个较为明显的峰值,其他呼吸道病毒总阳性检出率稳中有降。SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率男性和女性差异无统计学意义,41~ 60岁组及60岁以上组阳性率较高,分别为25.00%和24.39%,阳性病例在宁夏五市均有分布,银川市最多;其他呼吸道病原男性检出率显著高于女性,41~ 60岁组阳性率最高,其次为0~20岁组,阳性率分别为33.33%和12.20%,阳性主要集中于银川与中卫两市。结论 在常态下防控新冠疫情的背景下,应加强呼吸道传播病原快速筛查体系的建设以达到精准防控传染病的迫切需求。