Attenuating the hypertensive response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation using awake fibreoptic intubation

Blood pressure and pulse rate measurements were recorded in 35 patients undergoing endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia (Group A), and 35 patients who had an awake fibreoptic intubation under local anaesthesia (Group B). The mean arterial pressure in Group A rose by a mean of 35 mmHg immediately after intubation, compared with a mean fall of 9 mmHg in Group B. The mean pulse rate in Group A rose by 24 beats per minute (b.p.m.) immediately after intubation, compared with a rise of 3 b.p.m. in Group B. Both these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.001 respectively, Mann Whitney U test). Postoperative discomfort was assessed 24 h later by means of linear analogue scales. There was a statistically higher mean score in relation to nose discomfort in Group B (P less than 0.002). Awake fibreoptic intubation successfully reduces the pressor response to endotracheal intubation in normotensive adults. It is suitable for use in those patients who are at risk from the pressor response.     

Reduction of cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation in normotensive patients by urapidil

Purpose Urapidil is an antihypertensive drug with actions of α₁-receptor blockade and 5-HT_1A (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor stimulation. Although many agents have been used to attenuate the cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation, few of them are related to urapidil. This study was done to evaluate the effects of urapidil on reducing the cardiovascular response to intubation. Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 ASA I–II adult surgical patients without cardiovascular disease were divided into two groups of 15 each, receiving either an i.v. bolus of 0.6 mg·kg⁻¹ urapidil 5 min before intubation or an equivalent volume of saline as control. The heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were determined intermittently for 5 min before and 10 min after intubation. The mean blood pressure, product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and coefficient of variation (CV) of these variables around intubation were calculated. Results Urapidil had no effects on the heart rate (P>0.05), could effectively attenuate the increases in the diastolic and mean arterial pressures (P<0.05) caused by intubation, but had a weak effect on the systolic pressure (P>0.05) and its product with heart rate. In addition, the CV of the diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure was greater (P<0.05) in the urapidil group than in the control group, which meant that the induction procedure with urapidil was not more stable than that when saline was used as placebo. Conclusion The effects of urapidil on reducing the cardiovascular response to intubation are mild when uradipil is used 5 min before intubation. As urapidil mainly decreases diastolic blood pressure, an important determinant of cardiac blood supply, and it makes systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure fluctuate strongly during induction, we should be alert about its latent detrimental effect on patients, especially those with ischemic heart disease.     

Early predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation in major torso trauma patients who require resuscitation

BACKGROUND: The study purpose was to identify early predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation in major torso trauma patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of torso trauma patients who met specific criteria for shock resuscitation and required 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Independent variables evaluated included patient demographics, injury characteristics, and initial 24-hour resuscitation parameters. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using a significance level of P <.05. RESULTS: Over 59 months, 224 patients met study criteria. Age was 34 years (range 25 to 69), 68% were male, 78% sustained blunt trauma, and injury severity score was 27 (range 18 to 38). Thirty-three percent required prolonged mechanical ventilation. In the analysis, predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation included total fluid resuscitation, facial trauma, age, positive end-expiratory pressure > or =10 mm Hg on admission, arterial partial pressure of oxygen divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen ratio less than 300 at 24 hours, and chest abbreviated injury scale score. CONCLUSIONS: The need for prolonged mechanical ventilation can be accurately predicted and these predictors may assist clinicians in resource allocation and patient management decisions.     

SLIPA喉罩和气管插管全麻在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用比较

目的 观察SLIPA喉罩与气管插管对患者血流动力学和气道阻力的影响.方法 择期全麻下腹腔镜胆囊手术患者60例,随机均分为SLIPA喉罩组(A组)和气管插管组(B组),记录插入喉罩/气管导管前(T0)、插入喉罩/气管导管后1 min(T1)、3 min(T2)和拔喉罩/气管导管前(T3)、拔喉罩/气管导管后1 min(T4)、3 min(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2,同时在8 ml/kg潮气量下监测T1～T3时的平均气道压(Pmean)、气道峰压(Ppeak)和PETCO2,并观察有无反流误吸情况及术后咽喉部并发症.结果 与T0时相比,B组T1、T3、T4时SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快,且相应时点均高于A组(P＜0.05);A组在T1、T2时的Pmean、Ppeak低于B组(P＜0.05);术后咽部不适患者B组(9例)明显多于A组(2例)(P＜0.05).结论 SLIPA喉罩通气用于腹腔镜胆囊手术时,患者应激反应小,术后咽喉部并发症少.     

喉罩与气管插管在小儿全身麻醉气道管理中价值的Meta分析

目的比较喉罩与气管插管在小儿全身麻醉气道管理中的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMbase、CBM、VIP、CNKI和万方数据库中相关的随机对照试验(RCT)。检索时间均从建库至2010年11月。由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准选择试验、提取资料,并根据Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0提供的质量评价标准评价纳入研究质量后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入39个RCT,共2612例患儿。Meta分析结果显示:与气管插管相比,喉罩可以降低苏醒期和术后呛咳[RR=0.21,95%CI(0.15,0.28),P<0.00001]、喉/支气管痉挛[RR=0.37,95%CI(0.18,0.77),P=0.008]、躁动[RR=0.14,95%CI(0.09,0.22),P<0.00001]、术后咽喉痛[RR=0.32,95%CI(0.19,0.55),P<0.0001]、声音嘶哑[RR=0.09,95%CI(0.03,0.27),P<0.0001]、恶心呕吐的发生率[RR=0.46,95%CI(0.26,0.80),P=0.006];喉罩组插入期心率改变[SMD=–1.18,95%CI(–1.59,–0.77),P<0.00001]、拔除时心率改变[SMD=–1.29,95%CI(–1.72,–0.86),P<0.00001]、拔除后心率改变[SMD=–1.51,95%CI(–2.15,–0.87),P<0.00001],以及插入时MAP改变[SMD=–1.21,95%CI(–1.39,–1.02),P<0.00001]、拔除时MAP改变[SMD=–1.31,95%CI(–1.77,–0.85),P<0.00001]、拔除后MAP改变[SMD=–0.85,95%CI(–1.24,–0.46),P<0.0001]均小于气管插管组,而在术后反流误吸[RR=3.00,95%CI(0.62,14.61),P=0.17]、首次置入成功率[RR=0.99,95CI(0.94,1.05),P=0.84]方面两组差异无统计学意义。结论现有证据显示,小儿全麻时应用喉罩,其苏醒期及术后并发症少于气管插管,且喉罩置入或拔除的血流动力学较气管插管稳定。因此,喉罩是一种可供选择的、安全有效的小儿气道管理工具。     

呼吸机相关肺炎与气管内导管生物被膜相关性研究

目的探讨呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)致病菌与气管内导管生物被膜的形成状况。方法通过结晶紫染色鉴定15例VAP患者气管导管生物被膜形成情况并分析与分泌物培养致病菌分布的相关性。结果革兰阴性杆菌为VAP的主要致病菌,占66%,15例VAP气管导管形成生物被膜7例,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和流感嗜血杆菌为主。结论机械通气相关肺炎细菌分布与气管插管形成生物被膜有一定相关性。     

三种麻醉方式在小儿食管异物取出术中的效果

目的探讨小儿食管异物取出术的麻醉方式。方法选择年龄10个月～6岁、ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的患儿68例,随机分为三组：A组22例,采用氯胺酮麻醉;B组26例,采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉,保留自主呼吸,不作气管插管;C组20例,采用气管插管下丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉。结果 A组成功率为64%;B组、C组成功率为100%,其中B组38%SPO2≤90%。结论气管插管下丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉应用于小儿食管异物取出术安全有效。     

舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚预防全麻拔管期心血管反应的临床观察

目的观察舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚预防全麻拔管期心血管反应的效果及安全性。方法将择期行腹腔镜下阑尾切除术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例。观察组气管拔管前静脉滴注舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg和丙泊酚0.5～1.0mg/kg,2～3min后予吸痰拔管;对照组直接吸痰拔管。结果观察组在拔管时和拔管后5、10minHR、SBP、DBP、RPP与用药前比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对照组拔管时各项指标与用药前比较,明显升高（P〈0.01）,拔管后5、10min各项指标均未恢复到用药前水平（P〈0.05）;观察组拔管时和拔管后5min、10minHR、SBP、DBP、RPP均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。2组呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间及拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论全麻患者在气管拔管前应用丙泊酚和舒芬太尼能有效预防心血管的不良反应。     

ICU气管插管患者非计划性换管原因及方法探讨

目的 对ICU气管插管患者非计划换管的原因及换管方法进行分析和研究.方法 （1）对ICU行气管插管机械通气的1 062例住院患者进行回顾性分析,记录非计划换管的发生率及原因.（2）将63例非计划换管患者分为老年组和非老年组,对换管原因进行比较.（3）将换管方法分为导引式换管组和喉镜插入换管组.结果 （1）非计划换管的发生率为5.83%（63/1 062）.（2）老年患者的换管原因以痰痂阻塞多见占65.1%（28/43）,与非老年组比较,差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）,而非老年组躁动、咬扁导管或自主拔管占40%（8/20）,明显高于老年组的9.3%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.导管型号过小、气囊破损两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.（3）导引式换管组SaO2的下降显著低于喉镜组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,出现躁动、口腔出血及血压升高也较低.换管时间、一次性插管成功率及心律失常两组差异不大.结论 （1）在气管插管非计划换管原因中,老年患者以痰液结痂堵塞常见,非老年患者以躁动、咬扁导管或自主拔管多见.（2）导引式气管插管更换方法简单易行、危险性低、并发症少,值得推广.     

纤维喉镜引导经鼻清醒插管麻醉在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征术中的应用

目的探究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）患者在清醒镇静表面麻醉下经纤维喉镜引导经鼻气管插管的效果方法。方法选择于浙江省东阳市人民医院巍山分院择期全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的中重度OS-AHS患者90例,将90例患者分为A、B两组,A组45例患者采用盲探经鼻气管插管,B组45例患者采用纤维喉镜引导下经鼻气管插管。监测并记录患者基础值（T0）、插管前（T1）、插管后1 min（T2）、2 min（T3）、3 min（T4）时刻的的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）,并于各个时刻取血检测肾上腺素（E）和去甲肾上腺素（NE）的浓度,记录两组患者的插管时间、插管成功情况和插管间心血管反应及插管并发症等的发生情况。结果 B组患者在T2、T3时的MAP水平较A组明显降低[（116±8）mm Hg比（130±6）mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa;（108±10）mm Hg比（121±9）mm Hg],差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B组患者在T2、T3时刻的血清E浓度较A组明显降低[（145±34）ng/mL比（174±37）ng/mL;（137±29）ng/mL比（154±31）ng/mL],差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B组患者在T2、T3时刻的血清NE浓度较A组明显降低[（153±31）ng/mL比（184±23）ng/mL;（135±19）ng/mL比（149±27）ng/mL],差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。与A组比较,B组的插管时间明显缩短[（72±11）s比（91±14）s],且插管成功率高（100.0%比86.7%）,高血压反应和心动过速的发生率较低,两组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论纤维喉镜引导下经鼻气管插管减轻了清醒镇静表面麻醉下OSAHS患者插管的应激反应,血流动力学相对稳定,成为临床OSAHS患者较适宜的经鼻插管方法。