O papel do videolaringoscópio em programas de treinamento de intubação endotraqueal

Background

Macintosh laryngoscopes are widely used for endotracheal intubation training of medical students and paramedics whereas there are studies in the literature that supports videolaryngoscopes are superior in endotracheal intubation training. Our aim is to compare the endotracheal intubation time and success rates of videolaryngoscopes and Macintosh laryngoscopes during endotracheal intubation training and to determine the endotracheal intubation performance of the students when they have to use an endotracheal intubation device other than they have used during their education.

球囊通气和气管插管在院前急救中的应用效果比较

目的 探讨球囊通气和气管插管在院前急救中的应用效果及影响.方法 选取施院前急救的心脏呼吸骤停患者50例,根据选用球囊面罩或者气管插管辅助通气分组,各25例.记录复苏成功率和建立通气时间.结果 球囊面罩组成功5例,死亡20例;气管插管组成功4例,死亡21例,两组成功率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).球囊面罩组建立通气时间为(9.2±2.4)s,明显少于气管插管组(52.3±14.6)s,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者血氧饱和度均大于85％,但是两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 两种方法均可有效通气,在院前急救中,应综合分析当时情况,将二者相结合才能提高成功率.     

刷牙配合冲洗法在ICU经口气管插管病人口腔护理的应用研究

目的 探讨用儿童牙刷刷牙配合冲洗法在经口气管插管病人口腔护理的效果.方法 将268例经口气管插管患者随机分为对照组和实验组各134例,对照组采用传统的生理盐水棉球擦洗行口腔护理,实验组采用儿童牙刷刷牙配合冲洗法和负压吸引行口腔护理,比较两组的治疗效果.结果 对照组患者口腔异味、口腔炎、口腔溃疡、肺部感染分别为58、26、18、14、10例,而实验组仅有16、12、7、6、4例;实验组牙菌斑指数也明显低于对照组,经统计学分析,差异均有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05).结论 采用儿童牙刷刷牙配合冲洗法对经口气管插管患者行口腔护理能有效减少并发症的发生.     

气管插管致环杓关节脱位10例报告

目的:探讨气管插管致环杓关节脱位的原因、治疗与预防。方法:总结2000年5月～2010年12月收治的10例环杓关节脱位患者应用喉异物钳复位的临床资料。结果:10例患者中9例行1次治疗,1例行第2次治疗,复位效果满意。结论:了解环杓关节脱位的可能因素,有利于采取预防措施、及时治疗。     

Oxidative Damage to Lung Tissue and Peripheral Blood in Endotracheal PM2.5-treated Rats

Objective To investigate the oxidative damage to lung tissue and peripherial blood in PM2.5-treated rats. Methods PM2.5 samples were collected using an auto-sampling instrument in summer and winter. Treated samples were endotracheally instilled into rats. Activity of reduced glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） and concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA） were used as oxidative damage biomarkers of lung tissue and peripheral blood detected with the biochemical method. DNA migration length （μm） and rate of tail were used as DNA damage biomarkers of lung tissue and peripheral blood detected with the biochemical method. Results The activity of GSH-Px and the concentration of MDA in lung tissue significantly decreased after exposure to PM2.5 for 7-14 days. In peripheral blood, the concentration of MDA decreased, but the activity of GSH-Px increased 7 and 14 days after experiments. The two indicators had a dose-effect relation and similar changing tendency in lung tissue and peripheral blood. The DNA migration length （μm） and rate of tail in lung tissue and peripheral blood significantly increased 7 and 14 days after exposure to PM2.5. The two indicators had a dose-effect relation and similar changing tendency in lung tissue and peripheral blood. Conclusion PM2.5 has a definite oxidative effect on lung tissue and peripheral blood. The activity of GSH-Px and the concentration of MDA are valuable biomarkers of oxidative lung tissue damage induced by PM2.5. The DNA migration length （μm） and rate of tail are simple and valuable biomarkers of PM2 5-induced DNA damage in lung tissues and peripheral blood. The degree of DNA damage in peripheral blood can predict the degree of DNA damage in lung tissue.     

气管插管教学中模拟人与多媒体教学的比较

目的：评价模拟人系统在气管插管教学中的应用效果。方法：采用SimMan综合仿真模拟人,对120名医学本科5年级学生进行气管插管训练。实验分为2组：模拟人组（SIM组,n=60）和多媒体组（MM组,n=60）,分别进行模拟人训练和多媒体教学,然后通过理论题测试、操作测试,以及问卷调查和视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估教学效果。结论：采用模拟人系统进行医学生气管插管教学,可以明显提高学生的操作能力,深受学生欢迎。     

Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia in Suspected Variceal Hemorrhage: The Value of Prophylactic Endotracheal Intubation Prior to Endoscopy

Variceal hemorrhage (VH) is a lethal complication of portal hypertension. Aspiration occurring during endoscopic intervention for acute VH is a concern; however, few data exist regarding the efficacy of prophylactic intubation to prevent aspiration pneumonia. We reviewed all endoscopic procedures for acute VH from January 1995 to December 2002; only patients with the absence of hepatic encephalopathy greater than stage II and normal chest x-ray at admission were included. The use of prophylactic intubation, postprocedure chest x-ray, and mortality were recorded. Sixty-two patients (69 bleeding episodes) were identified. Elective intubation was performed in 42 patients (47 episodes); pulmonary infiltrates developed in 7 of 42 (17%), with an overall mortality rate of 9 of 42 (21%). Twenty patients (22 episodes) were not intubated. None developed pulmonary infiltrates, and the overall mortality rate was 1 in 20 (5%). We conclude that in patients with suspected variceal bleeding, elective intubation is associated with a substantial risk of aspiration pneumonia.     

Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems in developed and developing countries

OBJECTIVES: To compare patient- and injury-related characteristics of trauma victims and pre-hospital trauma care systems among different developed and developing countries. METHOD: We collated de-identified patient-level data from national or local trauma registries in Australia, Austria, Canada, Greece, Germany, Iran, Mexico, New Zealand, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. Patient and injury-related characteristics of trauma victims with injury severity score (ISS) >15 and the pre-hospital trauma care provided to these patients were compared among different countries. RESULTS: A total of 30,339 subjects from one or several regions in 11 countries were included in this analysis. Austria (51%), Germany (41%) and Australia (30%) reported the highest proportion of air ambulance use. Monterrey, Mexico (median 10.1min) and Montreal, Canada (median 16.1min) reported the shortest and Germany (median: 30min) and Austria (median: 26min) reported the longest scene time. Use of intravenous fluid therapy among advanced EMS systems without physicians as pre-hospital care providers, varied from 30% (in the Netherlands) to 55% (in the US). The corresponding percentages in advanced EMS systems with physicians actively involved in pre-hospital trauma care, excluding Montreal in Canada, ranged from 63% (in London, in the UK) to 75% in Germany and Austria. Austria and Germany also reported the highest percentage of pre-hospital intubation (61% and 56%, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study provides an early look at international variability in patient mix, process of care, and performance of different pre-hospital trauma care systems worldwide. International efforts should be devoted to developing a minimum standard data set for trauma patients.     

Removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in adults using flexible bronchoscopy: experience 1995–2006

Background  Tracheobronchial foreign body (TFB) removal in adult patients using the combined technique of flexible bronchoscopy (FBSC) through the endotracheal tube as well as using the simple FBSC has not often been described. This study reports our experience with FBSC for removal of TFBs and describes diagnosis, techniques of removal, and types of TFBs. Methods  We retrospectively examined bronchoscopic records of adult patients performed between 1995 and 2006 and collection of foreign bodies in Clinical Department for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Split, Croatia. Results  TFBs were found in 86 (0.33%) out of 26,124 patients who were submitted to bronchoscopy. The majority of the patients (90%) had some risk factor for aspiration, among which stroke (30%) was the most frequent. Patients with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases together accounted for 58% of all patients with TFB aspiration. Medical history was suggestive of foreign body aspiration in 38.4% of the patients, while chest X-ray was indicative in 7% of the patients. TFBs were most often found in the right bronchial tree (75.6%). The most common TFBs were animal and fish bones (39.5%). In 90.7% of the patients they were successfully removed under FBSC, whereas in 8.1% of the patients a TFB was extracted with flexible bronchoscope through endotracheal tube. Surgery was needed in only one case. Conclusions  Although foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree are rare in adults, the clinician must be aware of their likelihood. Foreign body aspiration should be considered especially in the etiology of recurrent lung diseases and in the presence of risk factors for aspiration, in particular with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases. They can be successfully and safely removed in the majority of patients under local anesthesia by using FBSC. In cases when repeated procedure is needed, endotracheal tube is recommended.     

Internally coated endotracheal tubes with silver sulfadiazine in polyurethane to prevent bacterial colonization: a clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: Coated medical devices have been shown to reduce catheter-related infections. We coated endotracheal tubes (ETT) with silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and tested them in a clinical study to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of preventing bacterial colonization. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized clinical trial, phase I-II. SETTING: Academic intensive care unit (ICU). PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six adult patients expected to need 12-24 h of intubation were randomized into two groups. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to be intubated with a standard non-coated ETT (St-ETT, n=23; control group), or with a SSD-coated ETT (SSD-ETT, n=23). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Coating with SSD prevented bacterial colonization of the ETT (frequency of colonization: SSD-ETT 0/23, St-ETT 8/23; p<0.01). No organized bacterial biofilm could be identified on the lumen of any ETT; however, SSD was associated with a thinner mucus layer (in the SSD-ETT secretion deposits ranged from 0 to 200 microm; in the St-ETT deposits ranged between 50 and 700 microm). No difference was observed between the two groups in the tracheobronchial brush samples (frequency of colonization: SSD-ETT 0/23, St-ETT 2/23; p=0.48). No adverse reactions were observed with the implementation of the novel device. CONCLUSION: SSD-ETT can be safely used in preventing bacterial colonization and narrowing of the ETT in patients intubated for up to 24 h (mean intubation time 16 h).