快充式经鼻湿化高流量通气在非麻醉专业学员气管内插管培训中的应用

目的评价快充式经鼻湿化高流量通气(THRIVE)在非麻醉专业住院医师规范化培训(住培)学员气管内插管培训中的应用效果。方法选择20名非麻醉专业住培学员,根据全麻诱导操作时供氧方式分为面罩通气组(C组,n=10)和THRIVE组(T组,n=10)。选择择期行气管内插管全麻手术的患者60例随机分入C组和T组,诱导插管期C组采用面罩通气供氧,T组采用THRIVE供氧。记录患者声门暴露分级、总体插管成功例数、成功插管时间、并发症发生情况、SpO_2插管成功即刻低于入室基础值的例数。采用问卷调查评估学员对气管内插管操作的自信心、学习兴趣及带教满意度,采用麻醉科改良Mini-CEX和DOPS测评表评估学员理论与实践技能掌握度。结果与C组比较,T组学员总体插管成功率明显升高(P0.05),成功插管时间明显延长(P0.05),误入食管与SpO_2插管成功即刻低于入室基础值的发生率明显降低(P0.05),学员操作的自信心、学习兴趣及带教满意度明显提高(P0.05)。两组学员的Mini-CEX评分差异无统计学意义,而DOPS评分T组高于C组(P0.05)。结论在全身麻醉气管插管诱导采用THRIVE供氧,可提高非麻醉专业住培学员气管内插管成功率,提高学员的自信心、兴趣、带教满意度及临床操作能力,有助于提升患者安全性。     

羟考酮用于宫外孕手术患者全麻诱导插管的临床研究

目的 探讨羟考酮用于腹腔镜下宫外孕手术患者全麻诱导插管的安全性和有效性。方法 选择2018年4月~12月在我院择期行腹腔镜下宫外孕手术患者90例。采用随机数字表法分为S组（舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg）、01组（羟考酮0.15 mg/kg）、02组（羟考酮0.2 mg/kg）,每组30例。注射实验药物观察5 min后给予丙泊酚2 mg/kg,顺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg诱导插管,比较三组插管时间、手术时间;注射实验药物前（T1）,气管插管前（T2）,插管后1 min（T3）,插管后7.5 min（T4）的MAP、HR、SpO2、BIS以及不良反应总发生率。结果 三组T2时点MAP、HR、BIS低于T1时点,SpO2高于T1时点,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;T3时点HR、SpO2高于T1时点,MAP、HR、SpO2高于T2时点,BIS高于T2时点、但低于T1时点,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;T4时点MAP、BIS低于T1时点,HR、SpO2高于T1时点,MAP、HR、BIS高于T2时点,MAP、HR低于T3时点,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。01组不良反应总发生率低于S组和02组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;02组不良反应总发生率于S组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 对于宫外孕患者,采用0.15 mg/kg羟考酮进行麻醉诱导,不仅可达到与高剂量的舒芬太尼和羟考酮相当的麻醉效果,还可有效减轻插管期间的呛咳及心血管不良事件的发生。     

Automatic endotracheal tube position confirmation system based on image classification--a preliminary assessment

Endotracheal intubation is a complex medical procedure in which a ventilating tube is inserted into the human trachea. Improper positioning carries potentially fatal consequences and therefore confirmation of correct positioning is mandatory. This paper introduces a novel system for endotracheal tube position confirmation. The proposed system comprises a miniature complementary metal oxide silicon sensor (CMOS) attached to the tip of a semi rigid stylet and connected to a digital signal processor (DSP) with an integrated video acquisition component. Video signals are acquired and processed by a confirmation algorithm implemented on the processor. The confirmation approach is based on video image classification, i.e., identifying desired expected anatomical structures (upper trachea and main bifurcation of the trachea) and undesired structures (esophagus). The desired and undesired images are indicators of correct or incorrect endotracheal tube positioning. The proposed methodology is comprised of a continuous and probabilistic image representation scheme using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), estimated using a greedy algorithm. A multi-dimensional feature space, which consists of several textural-based features, is utilized to represent the images. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using two datasets: a dataset of 1600 images extracted from 10 videos recorded during intubations on dead cows, and a dataset of 358 images extracted from 8 videos recorded during intubations performed on human subjects. Each one of the video images was classified by a medical expert into one of three categories: upper tracheal intubation, correct (carina) intubation and esophageal intubation. The results, obtained using a leave-one-case-out method, show that the system correctly classified 1530 out of 1600 (95.6%) of the cow intubations images, and 351 out of the 358 human images (98.0%). Misclassification of an image of the esophagus as carina or upper-trachea, which is potentially fatal, was extremely rare (only one case when in the animal dataset and no cases when in the human intubation dataset). The classification results of the cow intubations dataset compare favorably with a state-of-the-art classification method tested on the same dataset.     

Comparison of prehospital insertion success rates and time to insertion between standard endotracheal intubation and a supraglottic airway

Objective

To compare paramedic insertion success rates and time to insertion between standard ETI and a supraglottc airway device (King LTS-D™) in patients needing advanced airway management.

Methods

Between June 2008 and June 2009, consented paramedics from 4 EMS systems performed ETI or placed a King LTS-D according to a predetermined randomization calendar. Data collection occurred following each placement via telephone. Placement success (ability to ventilate to chest rise, absence of gastric sounds, presence of bilateral lung sounds, and when applicable, quantitative end-tidal CO₂ reading) was compared between treatment groups. Time to ventilation (time from airway device in hand ready to place to time of first successful ventilation) was also compared.

Results

A total of 213 patients in need of advanced airway management were treated during the study period, with 9 patients excluded from the analysis. The remaining 204 placements by 110 of the 272 consented paramedics were analyzed (median placements per paramedic = 1; range = 1-7). The overall placement success rate was virtually equal across the two groups (ETI = 80.2%, King LTS-D = 80.5%; p = 0.97). The median time to placement between ETI and the King LTS-D was also not significantly different (ETI = 19.5 s vs. King LTS-D = 20.0 s; z = −0.25; p = 0.80).

Conclusion

In this study, no differences in placement success rate or time to insertion were detected between the King LTS-D and ETI.     

Difficult prehospital endotracheal intubation - predisposing factors in a physician based EMS

Objectives

For experienced personnel endotracheal intubation (ETI) is the gold standard to secure the airway in prehospital emergency medicine. Nevertheless, substantial procedural difficulties have been reported with a significant potential to compromise patients’ outcomes. Systematic evaluation of ETI in paramedic operated emergency medical systems (EMS) and in a mixed physician/anaesthetic nurse EMS showed divergent results. In our study we systematically assessed factors associated with difficult ETI in an EMS exclusively operating with physicians.

Methods

Over a 1-year period we prospectively collected data on the specific conditions of all ETIs of two physician staffed EMS vehicles. Difficult ETI was defined by more than 3 attempts or a difficult visualisation of the larynx (Cormack and Lehane grade 3, or worse). For each patient ETI conditions, biophysical characteristics and factors of the surrounding scene were assessed. Additionally, physicians were asked whether they had expected difficult ETI in advance.

Results

Out of 3979 treated patients 305 (7.7%) received ETI. For 276 patients complete data sets were available. The incidence of difficult ETI was 13.0%. In 4 cases (1.4%) ETI was impossible, but no patient was unable to be ventilated sufficiently. Predicting conditions for difficult intubation were limited surrounding space on scene (p < 0.01), short neck (p < 0.01), obesity (p < 0.01), face and neck injuries (p < 0.01), mouth opening < 3 cm (p < 0.01) and known ankylosing spondylitis (p < 0.01). ETI on the floor or with C-spine immobilisation in situ were of no significant influence. The incidence of unexpected difficult ETI was 5.0%.

Conclusions

In a physician staffed EMS difficult prehospital ETI occurred in 13% of cases. Predisposing factors were limited surrounding space on scene and certain biophysical conditions of the patient (short neck, obesity, face and neck injuries, and anatomical restrictions). Unexpected difficult ETI occurred in 5% of the cases.     

PDCA循环管理在气管插管患者非计划性拔管中的应用

目的：探讨PDCA循环管理在气管插管患者非计划性拔管中的应用效果。方法：运用PDCA循环管理体系对气管插管患者非计划性拔管事件进行调查分析,然后以计划、实施、检查、处理的科学程序进行管理循环,即PDCA循环。结果：非计划性拔管发生率从6．31％降至2％。结论：将PDCA循环管理应用于气管插管患者中,建立了一个良性循环模式,有效的降低了非计划性拔管的发生率,规范了护理操作,提高了护理管理的水平。     

Supreme喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用研究

目的：通过观察Supreme喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用,探讨其安全性与优越性。方法：择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者60例,ASAI～Ⅱ级,随机均分为喉罩组（s组）和气管插管组（T组）。记录诱导前（T0）、插入喉罩／气管导管即刻（T1）、插入喉罩／气管导管3min（T2）和拔出喉罩／气管导管前3rain（T3）、拔出喉罩／气管导管即刻（T4）、拔出喉罩／气管导管后3min（T0的MAP、HR、SpO2、PEICO2;丙泊酚用量、苏醒和拔罩／管时间,以及术中胃胀气、反流误吸、术后咽喉部不适等并发症。结果：与T组比较,S组患者在麻醉诱导和苏醒阶段（T1～T4）的HR减慢,MAP降低,血流动力学更加平稳（P〈0．05）。S组丙泊酚用量降低,苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间缩短（P〈0．05）。S组有2例患者术中气道阻力升高,PrrCO：升高至60mmHg。术后咽喉不适s组（2例）明显少于T组（10例）（P〈0．05）。结论：与气管插管比较,Supreme喉罩对血流动力学影响小,麻醉用药量减少,苏醒快且并发症少,是一种较为理想的全麻气道管理工具,但术中应监测PETICO2。     

下颌下径路经口气管内插管在颌面部骨折治疗中的应用

目的：探讨下颌下径路经口气管内插管在复杂颌面部骨折治疗中的应用。方法：对16例颌面部复杂骨折患者实施下颌下径路经口气管内插管麻醉，术中使用自行研制的引管装置辅助引管。结果：16例患者均一次引管成功，在无麻醉干扰的状态下顺利完成手术。术后未发现严重并发症。结论：下颌下径路经口气管内插管操作简便、安全、创伤小，避免了麻醉导管对口腔手术野的干扰，是对传统麻醉插管方式的改进和补充，是复杂面部骨折手术麻醉的较好选择。     

Premedication for endotracheal intubation in the newborn infant

Endotracheal intubation, a common procedure in newborn care, is associated with pain and cardiorespiratory instability. The use of premedication reduces the adverse physiological responses of bradycardia, systemic hypertension, intracranial hypertension and hypoxia. Perhaps more importantly, premedication decreases the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. All newborn infants, therefore, should receive analgesic premedication for endotracheal intubation except in emergency situations. Based on current evidence, an optimal protocol for premedication is to administer a vagolytic (intravenous [IV] atropine 20 μg/kg), a rapid-acting analgesic (IV fentanyl 3 μg/kg to 5 μg/kg; slow infusion) and a short-duration muscle relaxant (IV succinylcholine 2 mg/kg). Intubations should be performed or supervised by trained staff, with close monitoring of the infant throughout.     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in burns

Objective: Acute respiratory failure is a common complication of the severely burn-injured patient. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation is associated with a high rate of complications. Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) has been shown to be as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange and is associated with fewer complications with patients in acute hypercapnic and hypoxaemic respiratory failure. We report our experience with NIPPV in 30 burn patients.

Method: The records of all burn patients from 1998 to 2000, where NIPPV was used as part of their management at the St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, were reviewed.

Results: Mean age was 47.56 years (range 12–81). Nine patients were female. Mean burn size was 24.4% total body surface area (TBSA) (range 3–54). Inhalation injury was confirmed in eight cases. A positive diagnosis of pneumonia was made in 29 patients. The mean PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio prior to institution of NIPPV was 28.98 Kpa (range 8.75–52). Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing (IPPB) was the most common ventilatory mode employed (25 patients) and the face mask was the most used interface (18 cases). Twenty-two patients (74%) avoided endotracheal intubation and their respiratory function continued to improve after NIPPV was discontinued. One patient (3%) died and seven patients (23%) were reintubated. Three out of the seven were electively reintubated for burns surgery.

Conclusion: In burn-injured patients with acute respiratory failure, NIPPV appears to be effective in supporting respiratory function such that endotracheal intubation can be avoided in most cases.