Classification,prevalence and integrated care for neurodevelopmental and child mental health disorders: A brief overview for paediatricians

‘Neurodevelopmental disorders’ comprise a group of congenital or acquired long-term conditions that are attributed to disturbance of the brain and or neuromuscular system and create functional limitations, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder/ Tourette’s syndrome, developmental language disorders and intellectual disability. Cerebral palsy and epilepsy are often associated with these conditions within the broader framework of paediatric neurodisability. Co-occurrence with each other and with other mental health disorders including anxiety and mood disorders and behavioural disturbance is often the norm. Together these are referred to as neurodevelopmental, emotional, behavioural, and intellectual disorders (NDEBIDs) in this paper. Varying prevalence rates for NDEBID have been reported in developed countries, up to 15%, based on varying methodologies and definitions. NDEBIDs are commonly managed by either child health paediatricians or child/ adolescent mental health (CAMH) professionals, working within multidisciplinary teams alongside social care, education, allied healthcare practitioners and voluntary sector. Fragmented services are common problems for children and young people with multi-morbidity, and often complicated by sub-threshold diagnoses. Despite repeated reviews, limited consensus among clinicians about classification of the various NDEBIDs may hamper service improvement based upon research. The recently developed “Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental disorder” chapter of the International Classification of Diseases-11 offers a way forward. In this narrative review we search the extant literature and discussed a brief overview of the aetiology and prevalence of NDEBID, enumerate common problems associated with current classification systems and provide recommendations for a more integrated approach to the nosology and clinical care of these related conditions.     

Perception of Portuguese Consumers Regarding Food Labeling

Food labels are the first information tool used by consumers in the purchase and consumption of food products. Food labeling is a tool that can influence the consumers’ perception of quality and, in turn, their food choice. This study characterizes and demonstrates the importance of labeling and the degree of consumers’ perception and literacy about food labels through the application of an online questionnaire. The results obtained, in a sample of n = 467, showed that Portuguese consumers have the habit of reading the label and recognizing its importance but do not understand all the information contained in the label. They have an easier time understanding the front-of-pack labeling systems, especially those presented through symbols/colors. Thus, it demonstrates the need for greater education and literacy in the areas of food and nutrition so that through the reading and interpretation of labels, consumers can make informed food choices.     

青少年家庭环境与情绪智力的关系

目的：探讨家庭对青少年情绪智力的影响。方法使用《家庭环境量表》和《情绪智力量表》对随机抽取的230名青少年进行测试。结果被试的情绪智力处于中等之上;家庭环境的部分维度与情绪智力存在相关（ P＜0．05;P＜0．01）,情绪智力高、低组的被试在亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、成功性及道德宗教观维度上有显著差异（ P＜0．05,P＜0．01）;逐步回归分析显示,亲密度、知识性、道德宗教观、独立性能够预测情绪智力总分或者部分维度（β值在0．13～0．23之间）,预测量为6％～10％。结论良好的家庭环境有利于情绪智力的培养。     

病程和情绪障碍对不同运动症状发病部位帕金森病患者神经认知功能的影响

目的：探讨病程和情绪障碍对不同运动症状发病部位帕金森病（PD）患者认知功能的影响是否存在交互作用。方法纳入35例左侧起病的PD患者和31例右侧起病的PD患者,对所有患者进行成套情绪问题和认知功能评估,并探索其是否存在左右交互影响。结果病程和情绪是右侧起病的PD患者认知功能的重要预测因子（均P＜0.05）,但在左侧起病者无相关性（均P＞0.05）。病程与左侧起病的PD患者在视觉模拟情绪量表中的活力呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论情绪问题和病程只交互影响右侧起病的运动症状PD患者的认知功能。     

抑郁症患者识别喜悦表情前额叶-杏仁核最优效能连接模式探究

目的探究抑郁症患者在识别喜悦表情时前额叶．杏仁核最优效能连接模式,并以此探讨抑郁症前额叶-杏仁核情绪加工可能的异常机制。方法利用脑磁图检测20例抑郁症患者及20例相匹配的健康对照者在识别动态面部表情时的脑部反应。通过动态因果模型方法选出最优模型,并比较抑郁症组及对照组的效能连接变化。结果贝叶斯模型选择结果显示,总体最优模型的特征是背外侧前额叶、前扣带回、杏仁核两两存在自上而下的调节连接,模型超越概率为0．41。最优模型中固有连接水平出现组间差异,在固有连接水平上,抑郁症组右侧杏仁核-前扣带回的前向连接显著减弱（t=-2．50,P=0．016）,前扣带回-背外侧前额叶的前向连接显著增强（t=2．37,P=0．022）,杏仁核-背外侧前额前向连接显著增强（t=2．10,P=0．04）。结论抑郁症患者右侧半球自下而上的固有连接异常,可能与抑郁症患者负性偏向有关;而抑郁症患者处理喜悦面孔时前额叶-杏仁核调制连接并未出现明显异常。     

护士的情绪劳动：表层扮演和深层扮演的中介效应

目的 探讨护士的表层扮演和深层扮演这两种不同类型的情绪劳动是否在社会压力（与服务对象相关的）和护士的情绪耗竭间发挥着中介效应.方法 采用问卷调查和结构方程模型统计处理的方法.结果 病人不切实际的期望与护士的表层扮演、护士的深层扮演均呈正相关,病人的言语侵犯到护士的情绪耗竭的路径系数显著,护士的表层扮演到护士的情绪耗竭的路径系数显著,护士的表层扮演在病人不切实际的期望和护士的情绪耗竭间的中介效应显著.结论 护士的表层扮演和深层扮演的作用机制是不同的,护士的表层扮演在社会压力和护士的情绪耗竭间发挥着中介效应,而深层扮演则没有这样的中介效应.所以,医院应投入更多的资源和精力去对护士们进行深层扮演的培训,使他们能够更好地运用这种情绪劳动方式,以减少情绪资源的耗费。     

基于循证医学的产妇手术切口护理对剖宫产切口美观性及情绪状态的影响

目的 探讨基于循证医学的切口护理模式对剖宫产切口美观性及情绪状态的影响。方法 选取 2022年6月-2023年6月南京医科大学附属妇产医院/南京市妇幼保健院行剖宫产的102例初产妇作为研究对 象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组51例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组则在此基础上予以基于循证医 学的切口护理模式,比较两组患者瘢痕评价量表（PSAS）、观察者瘢痕评价量表（OSAS）、皮肤科生 活质量指数（DLQI）、Zung抑郁自评量表（Zung-SDS）等级以及Zung焦虑自评量表（Zung-SAS）。 结果 观察组PSAS、OSAS、DLQI各维度评分及总分低于对照组（P ＜0.05）;观察组Zung-SDS抑郁等 级、（Zung-SAS）焦虑等级优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 基于循证医学的产妇手术切口护理有助于改善 术后切口美观度,提高生活质量,减轻其心理压力,降低抑郁和焦虑的发生率。     

使用自动静态视野计分离蓝色锥体通路

目的：探讨分离蓝色锥体通路的条件。方法：改装国产ＧＱＺＳ－１型自动视野计，通过截止滤光片获得主波长５８０ｎｍ的宽波带黄背景光，用中性滤光片产生１０个不同的背景光亮度，以４８０ｎｍ的蓝光作刺激光，使用中心１０°阈值程序检查了１７例正常人和３例原发性开角型青光眼合并蓝色觉异常者。结果：ｌ２例正常人背景光亮度和刺激光亮度对数关系曲线中出现曲折，正常人与蓝色觉异常者阈值相差约１０ｄＢ，正常人检查后发生瞬间蓝色觉异常。结论：背景光亮度在２００ａｓｂ（６４ｃｄ／ｍ２）以上可以成功地分离出蓝色锥体通路。     

Hunger and the perception of the scent of petrol: A potential neurobiological basis for increased risk of petrol inhalation abuse

The deliberate inhalation of petrol as a means of intoxication used by underage and marginalized social groups is a growing international problem. This type of abuse has been identified as the cause of severe physical, cognitive, and psychological impairment. Both of these factors have heightened the need for identifying causes underlying why individuals begin abusing petrol. One hundred Australian male adults were surveyed while they were filling their cars with petrol. While the individuals were exposed to ambient petrol, they were asked to rate how pleasant and intense they found the smell of the petrol and the number of hours since they last ate a meal. Significant positive correlations between hunger and ratings of both pleasantness and intensity of petrol odor were identified. The results from this study suggest that hunger, and more specifically saturated fat consumption, may influence an individual's decision to abuse petrol. Suggestions for further research and related public health considerations are discussed.