局麻单孔腹腔镜电凝绝育术618例临床效果观察

目的:探讨局麻单孔腹腔镜电凝绝育术(简称电凝绝育术)的有效性、安全性及可接受性。方法:分析618例行电凝绝育术的已婚育龄妇女术时相关指标及术后第1、3、6、12个月随访情况。结果:604例(97.73%)成功行电凝绝育术,6例(0.97%)因盆腔粘连无法暴露一侧输卵管仅行单侧输卵管电凝绝育术,8例(1.29%)因气腹针穿刺失败或因盆腔严重粘连无法暴露输卵管而未进行手术。术后1年妊娠1例(0.16%);613例(99.19%)术中出血<5ml;589例(96.56%)于电凝开始时5～10s诉下腹疼痛,可忍受,10s后无疼痛感;6例(0.97%)合并粘连并影响操作,进行粘连松解;150例(24.39%)镜下发现盆腔异常情况;17例(2.79%)发生非严重手术并发症,均未造成严重后果。平均手术时间19.36min,平均留观时间30.52min。术后第1,3,6,12个月随访时部分观察对象出现不同程度的腹痛、腰痛、劳动力下降、月经改变等情况,经对症处理、心理疏导后恢复正常,满意度达97.83%。结论:单孔腹腔镜电凝绝育术是一种安全、有效、育龄群众易接受的女性绝育方法,值得临床应用。     

中学生麻风病不同健康教育方法的效果比较研究

目的了解中学生对麻风病的知识、态度和行为情况,初步探索在中学生中开展麻风病健康教育的有效方法。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取893名中学生,分别接受专题讲座、专题讲座结合小折页和有奖知识竞赛3种干预方法,并分析其效果。结果接受专题讲座、专题讲座结合小折页和有奖知识竞赛3种干预方法的学生对麻风病因的知晓率分别由教育前的17.48%、11.41%和21.68%提高到教育后的84.62%、85.23%和93.85%;3组学生觉得麻风病和麻风病人不可怕的比例分别从干预前的12.59%、16.11%和23.95%提高到53.15%、75.17%和78.32%。有奖知识竞赛方法的效果好于专题讲座、专题讲座结合小折页2种方法的效果(P<0.01)。结论通过有奖知识竞赛开展健康教育是一种适合于中学生麻风病健康教育的较好方法。     

Process evaluation of implementation strategies to reduce potentially inappropriate medication prescribing in older population: A scoping review

ObjectivesSeveral implementation strategies can reduce potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prescribing. Although use of PIMs has declined in recent years, it remains prevalent. Various strategies exist to improve the appropriateness of medication use. However, little is known about the processes of these different implementation strategies. This scoping review aims to investigate how the process evaluation of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in the older population has been studied.MethodsWe searched for process evaluations of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in PUBMED, SCOPUS and Web of Science published between January 2000 and November 2019 in English. We applied the following inclusion criteria: patients aged ≥65 years, validated PIM criteria, and implementation process evaluated. The review focuses on decision support for health care professionals. We described the findings of the process evaluations, and compared the authors’ concepts of process evaluation of the included publications to those of Proctor et al.( 2010).ResultOf 9131 publications screened, 29 met our inclusion criteria. Different process evaluation conceptualizations were identified. Most process evaluations took place in the initial stages of the process (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, and feasibility) and sustainability and implementation costs were seldom evaluated. None of the included publications evaluated fidelity.Multifaceted interventions were the most studied implementation strategies. Medication review was more common in acceptability evaluations, multidisciplinary interventions in adoption evaluations, and computerized systems and educational interventions in feasibility evaluations. Process evaluations were studied from the health care professionals’ viewpoint in most of the included publications, but the management viewpoint was missing.DiscussionThe conceptualization of process evaluation in the field of PIM prescribing is indeterminate. There is also a current gap in the knowledge of sustainability and implementation costs. Clarifying the conceptualization of implementation process evaluation is essential in order to effectively translate research knowledge into practice.     

卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的腹腔镜手术治疗

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的疗效及可行性。方法:回顾性总结了2003年5月~2004年12月在北京大学第一医院妇科腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜囊肿(R-AFS分期Ⅱ~Ⅳ期)的患者189例。结果:189例均在腹腔镜下完成,无中转开腹和并发症发生。行囊肿剥除术165例,其中单侧116例,双侧47例;子宫切除加囊肿剥除术2例;附件切除术19例;子宫加双附件切除5例。术中同时行异位病灶电灼术77例,盆腔粘连分解术158例。不孕者同时行输卵管通液术。189例术后随访175例,随访率92.6%。137例痛经患者症状消失86例,减轻31例,痛经缓解率为85.4%。术后复发17例,复发率为9.7%。其中术前、后联合药物治疗140例中复发10例,复发率7.1%,未辅助药物治疗的35例中复发7例,复发率20.0%,两者相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。不孕症41人术后随访37例,妊娠17例,妊娠率45.9%。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿创伤小,安全、有效,可重复应用。术前、后辅助药物治疗可能预防术后复发。     

奥氮平的国内临床应用概况

目的：总结奥氮平在国内的临床应用情况。方法：汇总国内公开发表的9种杂志中刊登的临床应用文献27篇，综合其治疗方法、疗效和不良反应等情况。结果：经PANSS，BPRS，SANS，SAPS，和TESS等量表测试和临床观察，认为奥氮平对治疗精神分裂症有相当的疗效；临床疗效等同或优于氯氮平、利培酮和舒必利；对精神分裂症的思维障碍和敌对猜疑疗效显著；对精神分裂症的阳性症状、阴性症状有效。不良反应小，安全性高，患者依从性好。结论：奥氮平可选用于精神分裂症等精神病的治疗，是目前比较满意的抗精神病药物。     

Implantable contraceptives for women: effectiveness, discontinuation rates, return of fertility, and outcome of pregnancies

Progestogen-only contraceptive implants are highly effective. In most studies, 5-year cumulative pregnancy rates are less than 1.5/100 women for Norplant and Norplant II. No study has yet reported any failures with Implanon. Weight over 70 kg and age at insertion under 25 years both increase the failure rate of Norplant and Norplant II; however, data are as yet lacking for Implanon. The effectiveness of other progestogen-only implants for which there are as yet few data are unlikely to be any different. Continuation rates are high compared with other hormonal methods and with the intrauterine device. In most cohorts at least 35% of women, and often many more, are still using Norplant by the end of 5 years. Rates vary according to a number of factors, including population studied, age, and parity. Menstrual disturbance is by far the most common reason for discontinuation, with headache, acne, weight gain, and desire for pregnancy accounting for other common reasons for implant removal. Fertility returns rapidly following implant removal, and pregnancy rates (76-100% 1 year after removal) are usually no different from those following discontinuation of any other contraceptive method. There is no increase in the risk of ectopic pregnancy, fetal malformation, or impaired infant health in pregnancies conceived either during implant use or after removal.     

CT对肝内,外阻塞性黄疸的鉴别诊断价值

笔者通过对３５例阻塞怀黄疸的ＣＴ所见，指出了胆道扩张征象可作为鉴别肝内、阻阻塞性黄疸的可靠指标，再结合临床及ＣＴ的初期征象，可更加提高其鉴别诊断准确率。本文对这些指标的可靠性进行重点讨论。提出了该特点是特别胆道管囊肿的重要指征，即后者的胆道扩张为局部性或节段性。本文对良、恶性病变所致的胆道扩张形态亦进行了对照分析，发现二阻之间无明显性差异。     

不同剂量和用药途径对早期妊娠药物流产效果影响的系统评价

目的:用循证医学的方法评价米非司酮配伍米索前列醇不同剂量、不同用药方法终止早孕药物流产的有效性。方法:计算机检索8个数据库、手工检索9种期刊,并追查参考文献,纳入国内外前瞻性临床对照试验,至少由两人独立评估文献质量和资料提取。数据分析采用软件Revman4.2完成。在异质性检验(P=0.05)后,无异质性者采用固定效应模型合并分析;有异质性者则分析异质性原因,并用敏感性分析、亚组分析或随机效应模型处理。结果:米非司酮<150mg组与150～200mg组的完全流产率、流产失败率和孕囊排除时间的差异均无统计学意义;米索前列醇口服组完全流产率低于阴道用药组,不完全流产率和流产失败率高于阴道用药组。结论:进一步减少米非司酮量(150mg)可能可行,需要深入研究米非司酮最低有效剂量。米索前列醇口服比阴道用药流产效果稍差,但口服用药更方便。     

南通市城乡居民恶性肿瘤健康教育效果评价

目的了解南通地区城乡居民恶性肿瘤健康教育干预效果。方法将恶性肿瘤发病率相似的海安县与如东县分别作为干预组和对照组,对两县(均衡抽取22个乡镇、53个行政村)常住居民中15岁以上的城乡居民恶性肿瘤知信行情况进行入户问卷调查。男性9750人,占48.4%,女性10389人,占51.6%,平均年龄(58.2±8.3)岁,两组间性别、年龄构成无显著差异,P>0.05。在基线调查的基础上,采用行政干预、社区干预、传媒干预、行为干预、心理干预、综合干预的方法对干预组实施为期3年的恶性肿瘤健康教育干预,干预后以与基线调查相同的方法再次进行入户问卷调查。结果除了对吸烟、饮酒这一行为改变效果不显著外,干预组对恶性肿瘤的知识、信念、行为的正确率与对照组相比,差异性非常显著,(P<0.01,相关知识知晓率由原来的64.3%上升到87.1%,信念态度正确率由原来的64.1%上升到84.3%,健康行为形成率由原来的63.5%上升到74.4%。结论对城乡居民开展恶性肿瘤知信行健康教育干预,可增加其预防恶性肿瘤的知识,建立良好的行为习惯和健康的生活方式,是降低恶性肿瘤发病最有效的途径之一。