黑胸散白蚁的研究进展

黑胸散白蚁在我国长江流域以及北方的北京、天津、西安市危害房屋木结构,是长江流域及以北诸省（北纬40°以南）的主要害虫之一。该文主要对黑胸散白蚁的生物学、生态学特性及其防治方法做一概述,黑胸散白蚁的有效防治方法仍需进一步的研究。     

云南省2001-2015年东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类生态学分析

目的 探讨东亚屋顶鼠体表螨类感染状况、分布规律以及革螨和恙螨两大类群之间的相互关系.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对云南省2001-2015年19个县(市)积累调查资料进行描述分析.结果 从19个县(市)所捕获的308只东亚屋顶鼠体表采集到螨类5252只,鉴定为6科3亚科29属151种,恙螨个体数(3836只)和种类数(1...     

Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses threaten human and animal health yet their emergence is poorly understood, partly because sampling of the HPAI Asian-origin H5N1 lineage immediately after its identification in 1996 was comparatively sparse. The discovery of a novel H5N8 virus in 2013 provides a new opportunity to investigate HPAI emergence in greater detail. Here we investigate the origin and transmission of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea, the second country to report the new strain. We reconstruct viral spread using phylogeographic methods and interpret the results in the context of ecological data on poultry density, overwintering wild bird numbers, and bird migration patterns. Our results indicate that wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology. Specifically, we infer that H5N8 entered the Republic of Korea via Jeonbuk province, then spread rapidly among western provinces where densities of overwintering waterfowl and domestic ducks are higher, yet rarely persisted in eastern regions. The common ancestor of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea was estimated to have arrived during the peak of inward migration of overwintering birds. Recent virus isolations likely represent re-introductions via bird migration from an as-yet unsampled reservoir. Based on the limited data from outside the Republic of Korea, our data suggest that H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times from this reservoir, most likely carried by wild migrating birds.     

Asbestos-exposed populations: prevention, care, and compensation

In Israel, the prevention and care of asbestos-associated diseases with latency periods of one to four decades (asbestosis, mesothelioma, increased frequency of cancer of the lung and other sites) are not satisfactory, and new national policies are required. Such policies have three major goals: (a) elimination or reduction of exposure to asbestos dust; (b) measures to promote cessation or drastic reduction of cigarette smoking among those currently or formerly exposed; and (c) equitable compensation for the consequences of past exposures. The practical elements of a program to achieve these three goals include (a) exposure standards and control technology; (b) identification of sources, routes, and levels of exposure and groups at risk; (c) compensation and job security; (d) medical monitoring and follow-up; (e) smoking cessation; (f) selective substitution of other substances for asbestos; and (g) establishment of a panel for policy supervision and the overseeing of compensation programs. Delay in implementation risks higher death rates for asbestosis and cancer among previously exposed workers, greater exposure among current workers, loss of experienced workers from the work force, and unnecessary hardship for families not adequately compensated.     

Ecological determinants of reinforcement in the guinea pig

The hypothesis that constraints on the parameters of free feeding are the source of motivation in feeding behavior was explored in Guinea pigs. The effect of effort (FR size) on meal frequency, meal size and rate of eating was investigated when reinforcement consisted of an entire meal or a small portion of a meal. Frequency of feeding decreased and the duration and rate of eating increased when an entire meal was available. Frequency of meals was unaffected and rate of lever pressing and duration of meals increased when reinforcement consisted of a single food pellet. These data were taken to argue that there is a common pattern of changes in feeding behavior across species with respect to these variables and the value of these variables can be taken to describe the properties of different ecological niches.     

Effort as determinant of intake and patterns of drinking in the guinea pig

The influence of effort (FR size) and duration of access to the drinking tube on the Guinea pig's daily water intake and pattern of drinking was studied. As FR size increased there was a reduction in the number of drinking bouts and in the daily intake. The Guinea pig adjusted to the decline in the number of drinking bouts by increasing the amount of water consumed per bout and compensated for the reduction in total intake by increasing the efficiency of utilization of water. These non-deprived animals were able to maintain control growth rates except during the most demanding schedules. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the motivation for appetetive behavior arises from constraints on free feeding and drinking.     

我国小城镇面临的生态环境问题及其对策

分析了小城镇存在的环境问题,提出了建设生态城镇的原则及建设实施生态城镇的措施。     

Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world

REM sleep (REM) seems more likely to prepare for ensuing wakefulness rather than provides recovery from prior wakefulness, as happens with ‘deeper’ nonREM. Many of REM's characteristics are ‘wake-like’ (unlike nonREM), including several common to feeding. These, with recent findings outside sleep, provide perspectives on REM beyond those from the laboratory. REM can interchange with a wakefulness involving motor output, indicating that REM's atonia is integral to its function. Wakefulness for ‘wild’ mammals largely comprises exploration; a complex opportunistic behaviour mostly for foraging, involving: curiosity, minimising risks, (emotional) coping, navigation, when (including circadian timing) to investigate new destinations; all linked to ‘purposeful, goal directed movement’. REM reflects these adaptive behaviours (including epigenesis), masked in laboratories having constrained, safe, unchanging, unchallenging, featureless, exploration-free environments with ad lib food. Similarly masked may be REM's functions for today's humans living safe, routine lives, with easy food accessibility. In these respects animal and human REM studies are not sufficiently ‘ecological’.