Avian influenza virus: Of virus and bird ecology

The recent introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in wild birds and its subsequent spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe has put a focus on the role of wild birds in the geographical spread of HPAI H5N1 virus. Large-scale surveillance programs are ongoing to determine a potential role of wild birds in H5N1 virus spread and to serve as sentinel systems for introductions into new geographical regions. The unprecedented scale and coverage of these surveillance programs offer a unique opportunity to expand our current knowledge on the ecology of LPAI in wild migratory birds. We provide an update on the current knowledge on the relation between host and virus ecology.     

沈阳市大气污染对死亡率的影响

采用生态学研究和时间序列研究两种方法，分析了沈阳市大气污染对总死亡率及各种急、慢性病因的影响（用１９９２年死亡资料），在按市环保历年监测数据分成高、中、低３个污染区后，３区间差异有显著性者为总死亡率、慢性阻塞性肺疾患（ＣＯＰＤ）、心脑血管病、总癌和结核。时间序列研究全市每天死亡率与死前３天平均污染水平（ＴＳＰ和ＳＯ２），在调控当天气温和气湿后，分析污染与死亡的相关。得知：与污染水平相关有显著性者有总死亡率、ＣＯＰＤ、心脑血管病。ＴＳＰ每增加１００μｇ／ｍ３，三类死因各增加２％、３％、２％；ＳＯ２每增加１００μｇ／ｍ３，三类死因各增加２％、７％、２％。ＣＯＰＤ和ＳＯ２相关更密切，而心脑血管病与ＴＳＰ相关更密切。提示大气污染物除造成居民健康慢性损害外，还有加剧此等慢性病人病情，加速死亡的作用。     

蛤蚧生态与生物学特性的研究

笔者通过对蛤蚧的野外调查和人工养殖观察，基本掌握了蛤蚧的地理分布、栖息环境，活动规律以及蛤蚧的繁殖习性和食性，为人工养殖提供了科学依据。     

鲁中南丘陵地区鼠类生态学及其医学意义研究

目的 搞清鲁中南丘陵地区鼠类生态学及其医学意义。方法 采用生态学、流行病学和血清学方法。结果 (1)对鲁中南丘陵地区农田鼠类构成及季节消长常年系统的观察结果表明，当地农田优势鼠种为黑线姬鼠，大仓鼠为常见种。鼠类总密度变化全年有2个数量高峰，前峰在7月，后峰在10月，黑线姬鼠密度变化与鼠总密度类似，但其后峰高于前峰。大仓鼠全年仅1个数量高峰在7月中旬。(2)黑线姬鼠全年有2个繁殖高峰，分别在5月和9月；大仓鼠仅1个繁殖高峰在5月，随鼠龄增加，雌鼠怀孕率增加，雄鼠睾丸下位率亦增加，且下位率变化与雌鼠繁殖活动变化基本一致。(3)多元回归分析和逐步回归分析表明，相对湿度是影响黑线姬鼠和大仓鼠种群密度变化的主要气象因子。(4)黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠、褐家鼠均存在汉坦病毒(HV)和恙虫病东方体(Ot)自然感染，其季节消长与肾综合征出血热及恙巾病的管病窒蛮化密切相羊．     

用生态学方法评价长江马鞍山段水质探讨

采用生态学方法对长江马鞍山段水质状况进行评估，并用理化指标的水质分析作对照。结果显示，该段水质污染的生态学分布属甲型中污带至寡污带之间；水质标测分析提示所标８项指标均符合国家地面水二级标准。认为传统的生态学水质污染评价方法，在一定范围内仍具有应用价值。     

Prevalence of the Sickle Cell Trait in Gabon: A nationwide study

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an important cause of death in young children in Africa, which the World Health Organization has declared a public health priority. Although SCD has been studied at the continental scale and at the local scale, a picture of its distribution at the scale of an African country has never been given. The aim of this study is to provide such a picture for the Republic of Gabon, a country where precisely the epidemiology of SCD has been poorly investigated. To this effect, 4250 blood samples from persons older than 15 were collected between June 2005 and September 2008 in 210 randomly selected villages from the nine administrative provinces of Gabon. Two methods were used to screen Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) carriers: isoelectric focusing (IEF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). SCT prevalence in Gabon was 21.1% (895/4249). SCT prevalence was significantly larger for the Bantu population (21.7%, n = 860/3959) than for the Pygmy population (12.1%, n = 35/290), (p = 0.00013). In addition, the presence of Plasmodium sp. was assessed via thick blood examination. Age was positively associated with SCT prevalence (odds-ratio for an increase of 10 years in age = 1.063, p = 0.020). Sex was not associated with SCT prevalence. The study reveals the absence of homozygous sickle-cell patients, and marked differences in SCT prevalence between the Gabonese provinces, and also between population groups (Bantu vs Pygmy). These findings could be used by the public health authorities to allocate medical resources and target prevention campaigns.     

Interactional Theory: Its Utility in Explaining Drug Use Behavior Among African-American and Puerto Rican Youth

Using a developmental family interactional theoretical framework giving primacy to the mutual attachment between parent and child, this study examines the interrelationship of acculturation, ecological, family, personality, peer and drug context domains with drug use. The extent to which family protective factors mitigated against risks for drug use from the remaining domains was assessed. The inner-city sample consisted of 695 African-American and 637 Puerto Rican 7th-10th graders. Hierarchical regression analyses supported the hypothesized sequence of interrelationships in both ethnic groups.     

利用偏最小二乘回归拟合耐药性结核病的总耐药率

[目的]探索偏最小二乘回归在结核病生态学研究中的应用,拟合耐药性结核病总耐药率的生态学预测模型。[方法]利用WHO第四次全球耐药结核病监测报告,将偏最小二乘回归和Bootstrap抽样相结合,对回归系数进行检验。[结果]最终得到的偏最小二乘回归方程为^Y=5.521+0.030X1+0.003X7+0.099X9-0.008X15+0.116X18。[结论]在结核病生态学研究中,利用偏最小二乘回归和Bootstrap回归系数假设检验相结合的向后筛选法,可以拟合耐药性结核病总耐药率。     

重庆市正常人群肠道双歧杆菌的定量调查

本文介绍了一种双歧杆菌的选择鉴别培养基,并用该培养基对重庆市正常人群肠道双歧杆菌进行了定量分析,进而确定了正常值,为进一步研究双歧杆菌与人类的健康和疾病以及生态学防治提供了科学依据.同时也显示了正常人类肠道中双收杆菌的含量与年龄及性别无显著差异.