High folate levels in Aboriginal children after subsidised fruit and vegetables and mandatory folic acid fortification

Objective : To evaluate the impact of a fruit and vegetable (F&V) subsidy program for disadvantaged Aboriginal children in Australia, implemented alongside the introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification of bread‐making flour. Methods : A before‐and‐after evaluation was undertaken of a F&V subsidy program at three Aboriginal community‐controlled health services in New South Wales. The program provided a weekly box of subsidised F&V linked to preventive health services and nutrition promotion for families. In this analysis, red blood cell (RBC) folate was assessed together with self‐reported dietary intake at baseline and 12 months later in a cohort of 125 children (aged 0–17 years). Results : No children had low RBC folate at baseline or at follow‐up; however, 33 children (26%) exceeded the reference range of RBC folate at baseline and 38 children (30%) exceeded the reference range at follow‐up. Mean RBC folate levels increased substantially in children at follow‐up (mean RBC folate z‐score increased +0.55 (95%CI 0.36–0.74). Change in F&V intake (p=0.196) and mean bread intake (p=0.676) were not statistically significant predictors for change in RBC folate levels. Conclusions : RBC folate levels increased among these disadvantaged Aboriginal children following mandatory folic acid fortification and participation in a subsidised F&V program. Even before mandatory folic acid fortification, none of these children had low RBC folate. Implications : The effect on health of mandatory fortification of foods with folate is not clear, hence, ongoing population‐based monitoring of folate levels to assess the impact of mandatory folic acid fortification is important.     

Recognising Autism Spectrum Disorders in Primary Care: Perspectives of Speech and Language Therapists

Understanding the process of recognising autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children is important, both for achieving timely identification of children's difficulties and for ensuring positive experiences for families. Professionals working in primary care services are suitably positioned to identify children requiring referral for diagnostic assessment of ASD through their early contact with children and their families. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) in particular are well situated to recognise ASD, as concerns regarding communication development are frequently raised by parents of children who later go on to receive an ASD diagnosis. This small-scale qualitative study aimed to explore primary care SLTs' experiences of recognising potential ASD in children. Five SLTs working in primary care services in the Republic of Ireland participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that participants were concerned with two key events: firstly, accurately recognising potential ASD in children; and secondly, discussing the possibility of ASD with parents. The SLTs' experiences of these events were found to be influenced by both individual and wider organisational factors. The findings are discussed in the context of the current literature on ASD identification and implications for practice are considered.     

Consumer Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Nutritional Labels

ObjectiveTo determine Mauritian consumers' attitudes toward nutritional labels based on the Kano model and to identify determinants of the use and understanding of nutrition labels.DesignThe researchers also used a Kano model questionnaire to determine consumers' attitudes toward nutrition labeling.SettingFour hundred consumers residing in Mauritius.ParticipantsInformation was elicited via a questionnaire that assessed nutritional knowledge and information about the use and understanding of nutritional labels and demographic factors.Main Outcome MeasuresNutritional label use and understanding, nutrition knowledge, and association of demographic factors with label use.AnalysisStatistical tests performed included 1-way ANOVA and independent samples t tests.ResultsStatistically significant relationships (P < .05) were found for nutritional knowledge and nutritional label usage with demographic factors. All demographic factors with the exception of gender were significantly associated (P < .05) with nutritional label understanding. Based on the outcome of the Kano survey, calorie content, trans fat content, protein content, and cholesterol content were found to be must-be attributes: that is, attributes that, when not present, result in consumer dissatisfaction.Conclusions and ImplicationsAge, education, income, household size, and nutrition knowledge had an impact on nutritional label use. Health promoters should aim to increase the use of nutritional labels.     

肝功能不全患者术后肠内营养支持的效果分析

目的临床对照实践分析肝功能不全患者术后肠内营养支持的疗效及临床价值。方法随机抽取2010年1月²013年12月住院部收治的72例肝功能不全患者,采取随机数字法分为EN(肠内营养)组与PN(肠外营养)组,通过术后给予两组患者不同途径的营养支持,对照分析两组患者的临床指标、肝功能变化、营养状态指标、炎性反应综合征、并发症及不良反应。结果 EN组患者给予营养支持15 d后体重明显高于PN组;住院时间方面EN组也少于PN组;给予营养支持后两组患者的肝功能均有明显改善(p<0.05),基本上达到正常水平,但是组间对比无明显差异性;术后第1天、第7天的营养状态指标两组患者无明显差异性(p<0.05),但是术后第15天,EN组的PA值明显高于PN组,EN组的CRP则明显低于PN组;另外在炎性反应指标、并发症及不良反应等方面,两组无明显差异性。结论在肝功能不全病例术后给予早期肠内营养支持,不仅可有效地改善患者营养状况、肝功能,还可明显降低临床炎性反应、并发症及不良反应率,具有较高的安全性,具有临床推广应用价值。     

早期切痂植皮术在老年烧伤患者并发症预防及生存质量改善中的效果观察

目的：探讨早期切痂植皮术在老年烧伤患者并发症预防和并发症改善中的应用效果。方法：选取本院2011年8月-2013年10月收治的82例老年烧伤患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组各41例,对照组给予中晚期肉芽创面刮除分区植皮治疗,观察组给予早期切痂植皮术治疗,观察比较两组患者并发症发生情况及生存质量。结果：观察组的并发症发生率39.0%明显低于对照组的12.2%,观察组的生存质量评分明显高于对照组,比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：在老年烧伤患者治疗中,采取早期切痂植皮术进行治疗可取得显著疗效,能有效降低并发症发生率,大幅改善患者生存质量,值得在临床中推广。     

早期乳腺癌腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫术临床研究

目的：探讨早期乳腺癌腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫术的临床效果。方法：选取2010年1月-2012年12月本院头颈乳腺科收治的I、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者70例进行回顾性分析,按淋巴结清扫方式的不同分为腔镜下手术腋窝淋巴结清扫组（观察组）35例和传统手术腋窝淋巴结清扫组（对照组）35例。观察并对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫枚数、术后引流量、预后等。结果：观察组和对照组平均手术时间分别为（115.46±23.45）min、（78.73±18.34）min,平均术中出血量分别为（48.36±10.35）mL、（87.42±20.76）mL,平均淋巴结清扫数分别为（16.67±4.37）枚、（18.74±4.98）枚,平均术后引流量分别为（195.57±47.87）mL、（362.72±67.93）mL;两组平均随访（22.21±14.48）个月,观察组与对照组术后复发转移者分别为3例和4例。观察组手术时间较对照组长,但观察组术中出血量和术后引流量较对照组少,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组复发转移率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：早期乳腺癌腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫与传统手术清扫的临床效果无明显差异,但腔镜具有微创的优势,值得临床推广。     

胱抑素联合尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值在60例糖尿病早期肾损害中的应用

目的：分析血清胱抑素C（Cys-C）、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（mAlb/Cr）联合检测在糖尿病患者早期肾损伤的诊断中的应用。方法：选取60例糖尿病患者（研究组）与60例健康体检者（对照组）,分别使用免疫透射比浊法、散射比浊法、苦味酸动力学法测定两组的Cys-C、尿微量白蛋白、肌酐水平。结果：研究组Cys-C、mAlb/Cr值分别是（1.43±0.43）mg/L、（12.57±8.13）mg/mmol,均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;研究组Cys-C水平〉1.4 mg/L者16例,阳性率为26.7%,mAlb/Cr水平〉3 mg/mmol者19例,阳性率为31.7%;两项指标联合检测结果高于正常范围共22例,联合检测阳性率为36.7%,高于两项指标单独检测（P〈0.05）;本组实际肾损伤22例,联合检测准确率100%。结论：Cys-C、mAlb/Cr比值联合检测可明显提升糖尿病早期肾损伤诊断准确度与敏感度。     

血清胱抑素C在妊娠糖尿病早期肾损害诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C （Cys C）在妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者早期肾损害诊断中的应用价值.方法 选取GDM患者67例,正常孕妇66例,未孕妇女57例,运用免疫透射比浊法检测Cys C浓度,用酶法检测血清尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐（Cr）浓度.结果 GDM组Cys C浓度显著高于正常未孕组和正常孕妇组（P＜0.05）;GDM晚孕组Cys C浓度和Cr浓度显著高于GDM中孕组（P＜0.05）;GDM晚孕组血清BUN浓度显著高于正常晚孕组（P＜0.05）;GDM晚孕组血清Cr浓度显著高于正常未孕组与正常晚孕组（P＜0.05）.结论 与BUN和Cr比较,Cys C是特异性强和敏感度高的肾功能评价指标.检测Cys C能早期发现GDM导致的肾功能损害,降低母婴并发症或围产期死亡率,具有重要的应用价值.     

安徽省部分农村地区中小学生营养与健康状况监测分析

目的了解和评价营养改善计划实施地区学生营养健康状况。方法在12个县抽取1 185所中小学校191 181名学生,监测学校食堂供餐模式、学生体格发育和微量营养素状况、学生膳食摄入等。结果 90%以上学校供餐模式为＂企业供餐＂;学生身高、体重指标略低于全省农村平均水平,营养不良率14.6%,贫血率9.1%;25%学生的肉、蛋、奶、豆类等富含优质蛋白质的食物摄入频率和每周食用量偏低。结论贫困农村地区中小学生存在营养健康问题,实施针对性的营养改善计划很有必要。     

肠内营养对艾滋病病人细胞凋亡膜表面分子及其配体影响的研究

目的:应用双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)实验,研究EN对艾滋病(AIDS)病人细胞凋亡膜表面分子及其配体(FAS/FASL)的影响. 方法:检测30例AIDS病人服用EN液前和服用4周后FAS/FASL的指标变化,分析AIDS病人肠道功能的变化情况. 结果:AIDS病人应用EN治疗4周后FAS/FASL明显降低,与EN前比有显著性差异(P＜0.05). 结论:EN治疗对AIDS病人的FAS/FASL具有调节作用.