尿石症住院患者1100例分析

目的了解近年来尿石症住院患者情况的变化。方法对1998年~2003年间的尿石症住院患者1100例进行分析。结果本组中,肾结石251例(22.8%)、输尿管结石742例(67.5%)、膀胱结石97例(8.8%)、尿道结石10例(0.9%)。上、下尿路结石的比例为9.28∶1。高钙尿患者27例(13.0%)、高钙血症91例(9.1%)、高尿酸血症167例(17.8%)。结石成分分析结果:草酸钙168例(62.7%);磷酸钙59例(22.0%);尿酸及尿酸盐25例(9.3%);磷酸镁铵10例(3.7%);碳酸盐5例(1.7%);胱氨酸1例(0.4%)。治疗:ESWL658例(59.8%)、肾切开取石术35例、肾切除术6例、输尿管切开取石术92例(占8.4%)、输尿管镜加气压弹道碎石52例(4.7%)、膀胱切开取石53例(其中前列腺摘除术加膀胱切开取石术26例);膀胱镜加气压弹道碎石20例;前列腺电切术加气压弹道碎石7例;膀胱镜加大力钳碎石术9例。尿道切开取石术1例;经尿道镜取石术2例;尿道镜加气压弹道碎石3例。结论本组尿石症患者以上尿路结石为主,含钙结石占绝大多数。尽管微创手术的普遍开展,ESWL仍不失为一种创伤小、效果好的治疗方法。     

Current status of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Summary Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is standard therapy for urolithiasis. With comparable technical principles, various lithotripters have been developed and are in routine use. Renal pelvic stones, calyceal stones, ureteral stones, and other special forms can be treated with varying results. Currently, the so-called clinically insignificant residual fragments and the recurrence of calculi are under discussion. Whereas the side effects of ESWL are well known, studies comparing ESWL with other endourological procedures are still lacking.      

Symptoms, diagnosis and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones

Symptomatic BDS commonly cause significant morbidity and attempt at stone removal should be attempted if possible. Complications of CBDS include biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis and pancreatitis. Investigations aimed to predict the presence of stones within the bile duct include serum bilirubin, AST, ALP, common bile duct diameter and age as independent predictors of choledocholithiasis. TUS is a sensitive test in detecting bile duct dilatation but the sensitivity is reduced in its ability to detect choledocholithiasis. A NIH consensus statement found that ERC, MRC and EUS were comparable in their sensitivities, specificities and accuracy rates for detection of choledocholithiasis. ERC and stone removal using a balloon or basket is often performed following EST. EBD may be performed if patients have uncorrected coagulopathies but the risk of pancreatitis is higher than for EST (although the risk of bleeding complications is lower for EBD). ML is often required in difficult to remove CBDS and using this device, CBDS can be removed in 90–95% of cases. Other forms of lithotripsy including laser lithotripsy and EHL are confined to specialised centres and the evidence for their use is based on small studies. ESWL may clear stones from the bile duct in up to 93% of patients but frequently ERC and stone fragment removal is required post ESWL. The role of medical therapy in difficult to remove CBDS (or in CBDS in patients with severe co-morbid illness preventing ERC + stone removal) is still currently uncertain due to a lack of large randomised control trials.     

Why laparoscopic cholecystectomy today?

Traditional open cholecystectomy became the gold standard of surgical treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease during the last century. In spite of its good results, clinicians have been trying to establish effective nonsurgical methods of eliminating gallstones. Although oral, percutaneous, or retrograde litholysis can be used effectively for cholesterol stones, these represent only 10% of all gallstones. Moreover, intracorporeal lithotripsy is an invasive method, and while extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a promising procedure, even after careful selection, only 70%–80% of the patients become stone-free within 1 year. In fact, none of the methods which leave the gallbladder intact are free of complications, and they are followed by 50% stone recurrence within 5 years. Since 1987, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice as it is safe and only minimally invasive. We believe that the laparoscopic technique is a promising way to the surgery of the future.     

ESWL疗效相关因素分析

近年来，随着体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗泌尿系统结石的普及，如何提高结石的治愈率、初碎的有效率、碎石的排净率，降低复碎率，避免并发症的发生，已成为临床亟待解决的问题。笔者通过14000例ESWL的疗效观察，就其相关因素进行探讨。     

泌尿系统结石3218例综合观察

目的探讨治疗泌尿系结石的最佳方案。方法对3218例泌尿系结石患者的临床分类和治疗方法作回顾性分析。本组单纯性肾结石1365例，复杂性肾结石651例，输尿管结石Ⅰ类558例，Ⅱ类452例，Ⅲ类192例。结果本组手术取石1164例，行ESWL治疗1923例，行输尿管镜直视下碎石131例。复杂性肾结石手术组残余结石57例（8.8％），行肾切除12例（1．8％）。ESWL组3个月排石率为81．6％，转手术率为18．4％，切肾率为0％。输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石效果不佳改行手术取石8例（61％）。结论ESWL、输尿管镜直视下碎石、术中应用气压弹道式碎石或两种以上方法联合应用治疗泌尿系结石可减轻患者痛苦或降低手术难度。开放性手术放置内引流可减少术后并发症。ESWL治疗后应积极处理石街、控制感染和最大限度减轻医源性肾功能损害。输尿管镜直视下碎石要有熟练的内腔镜操作技术。     

B 超定位下行体外电磁冲击波碎石术治疗男性尿道结石60例临床体会

目的：总结男性尿道结石在B超定位下行体外电磁冲击波碎石术（ ESWL）治疗的临床体会。方法选取60例男性尿道结石患者在B超定位下采取多种体位行ESWL治疗。结果59例尿道结石ESWL治疗后结石成功排净,1例碎石失败（因患者在碎石过程中情绪过于紧张,放弃碎石治疗）,成功率为98.3％。结论男性尿道结石在B超定位下行ESWL治疗效果好,值得在临床上推广应用。     

输尿管上段嵌顿结石治疗决策的比较

目的通过分析体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、输尿管镜取石(URS)、经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)、输尿管切开取石术四种治疗方法在输尿管上段嵌顿性结石治疗中的疗效,探讨治疗上段输尿管结石的最佳方法。方法分析了524例临床资料,根据四种不同决策对输尿管上段嵌顿结石的治疗,分别从手术方法、手术成功率、结石取净率、并发症、平均住院天数等多方面进行了比较。结果 URS手术成功率达92.62%(301/325),结石取净率87.08%(283/325),24(7.38%)例改行其它手术(15例PCNL,9例开放取石);PCNL手术Ⅰ期成功率94.69%(103/113),6例改Ⅱ期手术全部成功,结石取净率92.92%(105/113),4例(3.54%)改开放手术;开放取石23例(10+9+4)全部成功。ESWL碎石效果差,成功率仅30.23%(26/86),多需改行URS或PCNL治疗,但ESWL可作为处理URS或PCNL后的残留结石有效手段。URS组出现输尿管穿孔3例(0.92%),PCNL组出现大量冲洗液外漏2例(1.77%)输尿管穿孔2例(1.77%),对症处理后均痊愈。余病例无严重并发症发生。结论对于输尿管上段嵌顿性...     

输尿管膀胱壁段结石的治疗

目的观察比较输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术和体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石的临床疗效。方法64例输尿管膀胱壁段结石患者,34例采用ESWL治疗,30例采用钬激光碎石术治疗。结果钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石有效率为100％,明显高于ESWL组的58．8％。结论输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石安全有效,成功率高,并发症少,是首选的治疗方法。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗体外震波碎石失败后复杂性输尿管结石的临床探讨

目的：探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗体外震波碎石失败后复杂性输尿管结石的临床效果。方法选取2014年2月-2014年12月期间该院收治的复杂性输尿管结石患者80例,其中40例体外震波碎石失败后使用微创经皮肾穿刺取石+术(MPCNL)的患者作为对照组,另外40例体外震波碎石失败后使用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗的患者作为研究组,分析研究两组的治疗效果。结果对照组患者碎石成功率为95.0%(38/40),研究组患者中碎石成功率为92.50%(37/40),上段结石成功率80.00%(8/10),中段结石成功率90.00%(9/10),下段结石成功率95.00%(19/20),失败3例,占7.50%(3/40),研究组与对照组碎石成功率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。其中有2例冲入肾盂后再次经输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石治疗,1例通过后腹腔镜下输尿管结石切开取石的方式取石,手术中输尿管穿孔1例,手术平均时间(65±15.50)min,住院时间(7.50±1.50)d。结论输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石是一种治疗体外震波碎石失败后复杂性输尿管结石的可靠手段,临床应用前景广阔。