A Standardized Algorithm for Determining the Underlying Cause of Death in HIV Infection as AIDS or non-AIDS Related: Results from the EuroSIDA Study

Abstract

Objectives: Analyzing changes in causes of death over time is essential for understanding the emerging trends in HIV population mortality, yet data on cause of death are often missing. This poses analytic limitations, as does the changing approach in data collection by longitudinal studies, which are a natural consequence of an increased awareness and knowledge in the field. To monitor and analyze changes in mortality over time, we have explored this issue within the EuroSIDA study and propose a standardized protocol unifying data collected and allowing for classification of all deaths as AIDS or non-AIDS related, including events with missing cause of death. Methods: Several classifications of the underlying cause of death as AIDS or non-AIDS related within the EuroSIDA study were compared: central classification (CC-reference group) based on an externally standardised method (the CoDe procedures), local cohort classification (LCC) as reported by the site investigator, and 4 algorithms (ALG) created based on survival times after specific AIDS events. Results: A total of 2,783 deaths occurred, 540 CoDe forms were collected, and 488 were used to evaluate agreements. The agreement between CC and LCC was substantial (κ = 0.7) and the agreement between CC and ALG was moderate (κ < 0.6). Consequently, a stepwise algorithm was derived prioritizing CC over LCC and, in patients with no information available, best-fit ALG. Using this algorithm, 1,332 (47.9%) deaths were classified as AIDS and 1,451 (52.1%) as non-AIDS related. Conclusions: Our proposed stepwise algorithm for classifying deaths provides a valuable tool for future research, however validation in another setting is warranted.     

护理专案在胸腰椎疾病病人术后支具佩戴中的应用

目的:探讨护理专案在提高胸腰椎疾病病人术后支具佩戴正确率中的效果。方法:选择2019年3月—2019年4月外科收治的初次行胸腰椎手术的42例病人作为对照组,对其进行支具佩戴情况的调查,分析支具佩戴错误的性质及原因,制定护理专案改善措施。选择2019年7月—2019年8月开展护理专案后外科收治的初次行胸腰椎手术的39例病人作为试验组,比较两组病人的支具佩戴正确率与对护士工作的满意度。结果:开展护理专案后试验组病人支具佩戴正确率为84.62%,明显高于对照组的42.86%(P<0.05);试验组病人出院时对护士工作的满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:针对胸腰椎疾病病人术后支具佩戴问题进行护理专案改善活动,能明显提高病人佩戴支具的正确率,提高病人满意度。     

“金课”理念下的线上线下混合式教学对科研护士的培养

目的 探讨在“金课”理念下的线上线下混合式教学对科研护士培养的探索和实践效果。方法 选取长沙市某三级综合医院36名有意向申请2021年科研护士岗位的临床护士为研究对象,在“金课”理念下基于线上线下混合式教学的形式,围绕科研能力及批判性思维能力培养,更加侧重学员的“分析、评价、创造”3个高级认知阶段,分别展开护理科研培训与实践。结果 培训后临床护士科研能力、批判性思维能力得分均高于培训前,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 “金课”理念下的线上线下混合式教学能有效提高临床护士科研能力及批判性思维能力。     

我国新药审评项目管理影响因素研究

目的： 提取和筛选出我国新药审评项目管理的影响因素,为我国药品监管部门建立新药审评项目管理模式提供参考。方法： 运用项目管理理论、文献研究法,提取我国新药审评项目管理影响因素,并通过问卷调查法和因子分析法建立我国新药审评项目管理影响因素指标体系,并对指标体系重要性进行评估和权重分析。结果： 在二级指标上的权重排序是药品审评项目计划管理 > 审评时限管理 > 药品审评项目团队组织结构 > 项目管理人的能力 > 药品审评项目过程管理 > 项目管理人的职权 > 药品审评质量管理。在三级指标上,细化审评流程、选择合适的项目管理人和建立完善的药品审评质量评价体系是影响最大的因素。结论： 在审评项目启动前,首先,要细化审评流程,制定审评计划,审评计划的制定是明确审评目标和在规定时限完成的前提;其次,选择合适的项目管理人,保证沟通和信息的高效流通;最后,进一步完善药品审评质量管理,保证审评质量和效率。     

Improved sectioned images and surface models of the whole dog body

The objective of this research was to produce high-quality sectioned images of a whole dog which can be used to create sectional anatomy atlases and three-dimensional (3D) models. A year old female beagle was sacrificed by potassium chloride injection and frozen. The frozen dog was then serially ground using a cryomacrotome. Sectioned surfaces were photographed using a digital camera to create 3555 sectioned images of whole dog body (intervals, 0.2 mm; pixel size, 0.1 mm; 48 bit color). In a sectioned image, structures of dimension greater than 0.1 mm could be identified in detail. Photoshop was used to make segmented images of 16 structures. Sectioned and segmented images were stored in browsing software to allow easy access. Segmented images were reconstructed to make surface models of 16 structures using Mimics software and stored in portable document format (PDF) using Adobe 3D Reviewer software. In this research, state-of-art sectioned images and surface models were produced for the dog. The authors hope that the sectioned images produced will become a useful source of software for basic and clinical veterinary medicine, and therefore, are distributing the sectioned images and surface models through browsing software and PDF file available free of charge.     

当代脑计划研究进展

科技的进步让人们对大到宇宙小到微观粒子的世界有深入的认识,但是人类对自身大脑的精细结构和运行机制的了解甚少。为此,多个国家和地区纷纷提出并开展“脑研究计划”,简称“脑计划”,以提高对人类大脑的认知,并寻求治疗神经及精神系统疾病的方法。本文对近年来欧盟、美国、日本及我国开展的“脑计划”进行综述,分别介绍各个国家和地区“脑计划”的研究方向及取得的突破性成果,介绍正在开展的“齐鲁脑计划”。“脑计划”的开展有利于推动人工智能等相关学科进步和经济社会发展,未来“脑计划”的实施需要更深入的国际合作。     

The evolution of craniofacial resection: A new workflow for virtual planning in complex craniofacial procedures

Complex craniofacial surgery has been later to take advantage of computerized planning than traditional maxillofacial procedures. Virtual reality, 3D model navigation, and bioengineering analyses have changed our approach to the surgical planning of craniofacial resection, increasing the benefits of surgery in terms of accuracy while decreasing complication rate.This study introduces a new workflow for 3D reconstruction, virtual model navigation, and alignment analyses, and demonstrates its successful application in a sample of four patients. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary and ethmoid sinus in a 62-year-old patient is presented to evaluate the application of the workflow for a combined transfacial and transcranial resection. Results demonstrate that virtual surgical planning was successfully translated into navigational coordinates and reproduced in the operating room.While the literature provides a wide range of applications of virtual planning for traditional maxillofacial procedures, its introduction for complex craniofacial procedures remains difficult. The presented case shows that it is worth investigating the correlation between virtual reality planning and surgical accuracy for craniofacial resection, and related advantages in terms of surgical safety and improved prognosis.     

Combination of ventilator care bundle and regular oral care with chlorhexidine was associated with reduction in ventilator associated pneumonia

BackgroundVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important source of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. VAP is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay and increases in costs.MethodsQuality improvement project. Mechanically ventilated patients received oral care every 8 h with chlorhexidine 2%. A formal process was developed to evaluate compliance with the following ventilator bundle initiatives: head of the bed elevation to 30–45°, daily sedation vacation and assess the readiness to extubate, providing peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis and providing deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis (unless contraindicated).ResultsThe rate of VAP before starting the project, in the first 6 months of year 1431H, was 16.2 cases/1000 ventilator days. Six month after inception of the quality improvement project, the VAP rates decreased to 5.6 cases/1000 ventilator days at the end of 1431H, and at the end of 1432H, it was 5.5 cases/1000 ventilator days. This leads to significant reduction in mortality (adjusted according to APACHE II) from 23.4% to 19.1% (p value 0.024) and the length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days (p value 0.00002).ConclusionThe combination of regular oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 2% and rigorous implementation of ventilator care bundle was associated with significant reduction in VAP rate in mechanically ventilated patients. This has led to reduction in length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days and reduction in mortality from 23.4% to 19.1%.