Distribution of Avian Influenza A Viruses in Poultry-Related Environment and Its Association with Human Infection in Henan, 2016 to 2017

ObjectiveTo survey avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) in the environment and explore the reasons for the surge in human H7N9 cases.MethodsA total of 1,045 samples were collected from routine surveillance on poultry-related environments and 307 samples from human H7N9 cases-exposed environments in Henan from 2016 to 2017. The nucleic acids of influenza A (Flu A), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsA total of 27 H7N9 cases were confirmed in Henan from 2016 to 2017, 24 had a history of live poultry exposure, and 15 had H7N9 virus detected in the related live poultry markets (LPMs). About 96% (264/275) Flu A positive-environmental samples were from LPMs. H9 was the main AIV subtype (10.05%) from routine surveillance sites with only 1 H7-positive sample, whereas 21.17% samples were H7-positive in H7N9 cases-exposed environments. Samples from H7N9 cases-exposed LPMs (47.56%) had much higher AIVs positive rates than those from routine surveillance sites (12.34%). The H7+H9 combination of mixed infection was 78.18% (43/55) of H7-positive samples and 41.34% (43/104) of H9-positive samples.ConclusionThe contamination status of AIVs in poultry-related environments is closely associated with the incidence of human infection caused by AIVs. Therefore, systematic surveillance of AIVs in LPMs in China is essential for the detection of novel reassortant viruses and their potential for interspecies transmission.     

多期动态CT增强扫描平台型强化方案对孤立性肺结节的诊断效能

目的探讨多期动态CT增强扫描平台型强化方案对孤立性肺结节(SPN)的诊断效能。方法选取80例肺内SPN病例作为实验组,行CT平扫及平台型强化方案多期动态CT增强扫描,绘制时间-密度曲线(TDC),观察曲线形态及对比剂到达峰值时间(TTP)。随机选取同期SPN病例80例作为对照组,行常规增强扫描。对两组的CT影像诊断符合率进行比较。结果实验组中肺癌52例,炎性结节12例,肺结核16例,三者间平扫、增强后各时间点CT值及最大净增值差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),两两比较,差异亦有统计学意义(P均0.05)。肺癌52例、炎性结节10例及1例肺结核TDC曲线呈台阶型,2例炎性结节呈双峰型,15例肺结核为平坦型,三者TDC类型的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=85.026,P0.001)。以增强扫描CT最大净增值20HU且60 HU为恶性SPN诊断阈值,实验组CT诊断敏感度为94.23%(49/52),特异度为89.29%(25/28),符合率为92.50%(74/80)。实验组64s的CT诊断符合率为92.50%(74/80),分别与对照组30s(70/80,87.50%)、120s(71/80,88.75%)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论多期动态CT增强扫描平台型强化方案对SPN的诊断及鉴别诊断具有较高的应用价值。     

利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压在胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的运用

目的 探讨单肺通气利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)的优势及可行性. 方法 选择预行右侧肺叶切除患者80例,完全随机分为A组和B组,每组40例:A组,单肺通气实施肺膨胀(sustained inflation,SI)复张后加用20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)的PEEP并递减滴定,随后以得到最大肺顺应性的PEEP值通气,直到恢复双肺通气;B组,通气PEEP值固定为5 cmH2O,其他通气方法同A组.记录患者血气、呼吸等参数. 结果 两组设定的PEEP值[A组(9.2±1.2) cmH2O,B组5 cmH2O]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在单肺通气1 h(T3)、手术结束(T4)时,两组动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组的PaO2在T3～T4逐步降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而A组则维持较好(P＞0.05);T3、T4时刻A组的动态肺顺应性[(30.8±5.9)、(30.7±6.4) ml/cmH2O]与B组[(26.6±5.5)、(26.4±5.2) ml/cmH2O]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的单肺通气,利用动态肺顺应性设定的PEEP值通气能够得到更好的氧合及呼吸参数,并且维持较好.     

Effects of unisegmental disc compression on adjacent segments: an in vivo animal model

It is controversial whether fusion of discs in the spine leads to increased degeneration on the remaining discs or whether the degenerative changes are merely a part of the inevitable natural history process. To determine the effects of unisegmental compression and subsequent recovery on adjacent segments, we studied histology, radiology and intradiscal pressure using an in vivo rabbit model. Fifteen New Zealand rabbits were divided in to three groups of five. In the first group, the intervertebral disc L4–L5 of the lumbar spine was axially loaded for 28 days with an external loading device. In the second group, the intervertebral disc was compressed for 28 days and allowed to recover for an equal amount of time, with the loading device removed. Five animals underwent a sham operation, in which the external loading device was situated, but their discs remained unloaded for 28 days. The intradiscal pressure was determined in the loaded discs as well as in the cranial and caudal adjacent discs. Lateral radiographs were taken from each subjected intervertebral disc with adjacent vertebral bodies and the cranial and caudal adjacent segments. The compressed discs showed lower intradiscal pressure in comparison with the control group, which remained unloaded. In the cranial and caudal discs adjacent to the loaded discs the average intradiscal pressure was similar to the unloaded controls. The loaded discs demonstrated a significant decrease in disc space. No discs adjacent to the loaded discs changed in height. The lamellar architecture of the inner, middle, and outer annulus became more disorganized in the loaded discs. The nucleus pulposus showed increase of mucoid degeneration and increased cell death. Intervertebral discs from the control group and the adjacent discs to the compressed discs maintained their normal morphology. This study shows that mechanical loading of discs in the spine can cause rapid degeneration. Adjacent discs, however, did not change in terms of radiology, intradiscal pressure, or histology.     

关节镜下逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端A型骨折疗效探讨

目的: 比较两种内固定治疗股骨远端A型骨折的不同疗效。方法: 1999年 6月~2003年 12月本院共收治股骨远端A型骨折患者 46例, 采用关节镜下逆行带锁髓内钉 (GSH钉 ) 内固定 28例, 采用动力髁螺钉 (DCS)内固定 18例。结果: 术后随访 6~54个月, 平均 18个月。两组在手术时间、术中出血、住院时间、骨折完全愈合时间、关节功能恢复时间有显著性差异 (P<0 .01 )。膝关节功能按Kolment评定标准, 其中髓内钉组优良率 89 .2%;动力髁组优良率 72. 2%。结论: 关节镜引导股骨逆行带锁髓内钉手术时间短、出血少, 最大程度地保留了关节部位解剖与功能的完整性, 不仅对膝关节损伤小, 并可同时发现及处理膝关节内的损伤或病变, 治疗结果优于动力髁螺钉, 值得提倡。     

动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术风险及疗效

[目的] 探讨动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术并发症，并评价其疗效。[方法] 对采用AO动力髋螺钉治疗的65岁以上老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术并发症进行统计学分析，并评价其随访疗效。[结果] 围手术期并发症发生率为17．2％。经过术后8～42个月（平均26．5个月）的随访，并发症发生率为16．4％，优良率为87．9％。[结论] 动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折可获得满意疗效，积极的围手术期处理是手术安全实施的必要条件。     

X线透视导航下动力髋(髁)螺钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨X线透视导航技术在动力髋(髁)螺钉系统治疗股骨转子间骨折中的临床应用。方法应用连接在标准动力髋(髁)器械上的适配器,X线透视导航辅助完成术中松质骨拉力螺钉在股骨颈通道内的入点选择及拉力螺钉的置入。结果8例股骨转子间骨折的应用结果令人满意。手术时间平均为48.8min,X线图像采集平均3.4次。术中和术后无并发症发生。结论肯定了X线透视导航技术在动力髋(髁)螺钉系统治疗股骨转子间骨折中应用的可行性。术中只需1次X线成像就能做出虚拟的手术环境和路径;导航的瞬时追踪功能使术者能实时监测,减少了X线辐射量,缩短了手术时间,提高了拉力螺钉置入的准确度,减小了手术创伤。     

肺动态顺应性导向呼气末正压滴定法用于肺保护性通气策略的研究进展

肺保护性通气策略是全麻气管插管管理的重点之一,有助于提高患者术中氧合,减少肺部损伤和并发症的发生,改善患者预后。在肺保护性通气策略中,小潮气量、呼气末正压（PEEP）和肺复张的应用已得到广泛认可,但关于PEEP的具体设置和使用尚无一致意见。近年来肺动态顺应性导向PEEP滴定法已成为该领域的研究热点,此方法能够针对不同个体制定出合适的通气策略,对患者的肺组织起到一定保护作用。本文以肺保护性通气策略为基础,对肺动态顺应性导向PEEP滴定法的研究现状做一综述。     

磁共振弥散加权成像和动态增强诊断前列腺疾病临床价值分析

目的：探讨磁共振弥散加权成像和动态增强扫描在前列腺疾病临床诊断中的应用价值。方法对64例患者的前列腺病灶行磁共振常规扫描、磁共振弥散加权成像和动态扫描,选取感兴趣区记录动态增强定量参数Ktrans、Vc及Kep的值以及DWI的信号强度和表面扩散系数ADC值,并对得到的数据进行方差分析。结果前列腺癌组、前列腺增生组及正常前列腺组患者在b＝50s/mm^2、b＝800s/mm^2信号强度值及ADC值比较有显著性差异（ F ＝52．34、14．35、198．64,P＜0．05）。前列腺癌组、前列腺增生组及正常前列腺组患者在Ktrans、Vc及Kep等DCE-MRI参数方面比较有显著性差异（ F＝15．30、21．06、37．95,P ＜0．05）。前列腺癌组、前列腺增生组及正常前列腺组等三组患者进行两两比较发现正常前列腺组与前列腺增生组在Ktrans、Vc及Kep等方面比较无明显差异,而其它各组之间两两比较有显著性差异（t ＝4．66、5．65、3．81、4．15、3．01、3．24,P ＜0．05）。结论磁共振弥散加权成像联合动态增强扫描应用提高了M RI诊断前列腺癌的诊断和分期准确率,有助于对前列腺病变的鉴别诊断。     

军队传染病症状监测系统业务功能设计要点及解决方案

该文结合近年来国内外症状监测的理论和实践,基于传染病症状监测核心业务功能需求,从数据采集和传输、数据分析和预警、异常事件响应等方面对军队传染病症状监测系统建设方案进行了探讨,为系统建设提供了需求牵引。