2003-2005年新生儿感染常见致病菌及耐药性的变迁

目的了解本地区新生儿2003至2005年感染常见致病菌的种类及耐药的现状，以指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法收集我院新生儿科2003年1月至2005年12月收治的613份体液培养阳性（痰液、血液、分泌物、胃液等标本）的患儿资料，对常见检出菌及其耐药性的变迁情况进行分析。结果共检出40种613株病原菌，以革兰阴性杆菌为主约占57．6％，而肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别位于前二位，其产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为78．1％和82．6％。药敏结果显示，常见致病菌对青霉素、第一、二代头胞类抗生素、红霉素类耐药性显著增加，但对第三代头胞类抗生素如头孢曲松、头孢噻肟（凯福隆）、头孢他啶（复达欣）及B内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂、碳青霉烯类、万古霉素等较敏感。产ESBLs菌仅对亚胺培南及B内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂敏感。结论革兰阴性杆菌特别是肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿感染主要病原菌，产ESBLs菌比例增加应引起高度重视。碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，可作为新生儿严重医院感染经验用药，应尽量根据药敏试验调整抗生素。     

Bacterial ghosts (BGs)—Advanced antigen and drug delivery system

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria produced by controlled expression of cloned gene E, forming a lysis tunnel structure within the envelope of the living bacteria. BGs are devoid of cytoplasmic content and possess all bacterial bio-adhesive surface properties in their original state while not posing any infectious threat. BGs are ideally suited as an advanced drug delivery system (ADDS) for toxic substances in tumor therapy. The inner space of BGs can be loaded with either single components or combinations of peptides, drugs or DNA which provides an opportunity to design new types of (polyvalent) drug delivery vehicles. Uptake of BGs loaded with Doxorubicin (Dox) by CaCo2 cells led to effective Dox release from endo-lysosomal compartments and accumulation in the nucleus. Viability and proliferative capacity of the cells were significantly decreased (2–3 orders of magnitude) after internalization of Dox loaded BGs as compared to cells incubated with free Dox. The same effect was observed with leukemia cells. Melanoma cells also revealed a high capability to internalize BGs. These results indicate that BGs are able to target a range of types of cancer. BGs have also been investigated as DNA delivery vectors. Studies show DNA loaded BGs are efficiently phagocytosed and internalized by both professional APCs and tumor cells with up to 82% of cells expressing the plasmid-encoded reporter gene. Our studies with BGs as an ADDS system contribute (i) to optimize drug delivery for the treatment of cancer; (ii) define specific conditions for selection and preparation of BG formulations; (iii) and provide a background for the clinical application of BGs in cancer therapy.     

脑膜转移癌诊疗现状

脑膜转移癌(CM)近年来发病率有所提升.其诊断为腰穿脑脊液及以核磁共振成像为主的影像学检查.治疗方法包括鞘内化疗、放射治疗、手术及对症支持,但具体治疗方案存在争议.目前推荐个体化治疗及综合治疗,靶向药物在本病中的应用有望取得较好的治疗效果.     

德国小蠊抗药性及其抗性衰退情况研究

目的了解德国小蠊的抗药性及抗药性衰退情况.方法以点滴法测定德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏、二氯苯醚菊酯、残杀威等的抗药性及抗药性衰退情况.结果现场品系分别为0.098、0.490、5.612、0.741ug/虫,正常饲养1年后抗性分别为0.086、0.232、3.412、0.317ug/虫,5年后抗性分别为0.008、0.123、0.410、0.0811ug/虫,LD50最高为二氯苯醚菊酯,1年后抗性衰退倍数范围为1.14～2.39,5年后抗性衰退倍数范围为3.98～13.69.结论具有高等抗性德国小蠊经实验室饲养5年后抗性基本衰退.     

Pharmacy customers’ views and experiences of using pharmacies which provide needle exchange services in Aberdeen and Glasgow, Scotland

Community pharmacists contribution to the management of drug problems is considerable. As the use of illicit drugs has increased, pharmacists have come under increasing pressure to offer services to problem drug users. However, there is concern among some pharmacists that offering such services may deter other customers. There is particular concern among some pharmacists about needle exchange services. Only 9.5% of Scottish pharmacies offer needle exchange services compared to 69% which are dispensing methadone (57% of which supervise methadone consumption). Qualitative interviews were used in a purposive sample of 10 pharmacies in Scotland. Eight customers were interviewed in each pharmacy to ascertain pharmacy customers’ views on these services. The majority of customers were supportive of these services. Customers were often unaware that the pharmacy they were interviewed in was offering services for people with drug problems. Pharmacy customers were more knowledgeable about, and more supportive, of needle exchange services than they were of methadone. This was because they believed needle exchange services helped to reduce the amount of discarded needles in public places. Pharmacy customers also recognised that needle exchange helped reduce the spread of disease. These findings should be used to encourage more pharmacists to offer needle exchange services.     

抗结核药物致药物性肝病208例临床分析

目的　分析总结抗结核药物致药物性肝病的情况 ,提高本病的诊断治疗水平。　方法　回顾性调查 1994～ 2 0 0 3年抗结核药物致药物性肝病 176例 ,并分析 10年来每年的发病率、变迁及临床情况。　结果　含异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的抗结核治疗方案致本病的发病率是 2 16% ,10年来每年的发病率在逐年增加 ,平均发病时间是68 98d ,1月内发病的占 68 71% ,2个月内的占 80 2 9% ;2 0 8例中无症状者占 43 75 % ,有症状者占 5 6 2 5 % ,治疗前后ALT、AST、TBIL相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　抗核药物治疗结核病时应重视本病 ,治疗期间应定期监测肝功能     

Targeted Thrombolytic Therapy

Venous and arterial thrombosis are closely related to many severe diseases, especially to cardiovascular and cerebrovasular disorders. Thrombolytic therapy has been proven to be an effective method to treat such disease, which decreased the mortality and morbidity greatly.     

炎性肠病药物治疗的循证医学研究进展

目的:从循证医学的角度解析炎性肠病药物治疗的相关进展。旨在提高对临床证据的认知,帮助临床医生评估新的治疗,从批判的视角重新看待以往的治疗。方法:收集国外近期相关文献进行评价。结果及结论:炎性肠病(IBD)的发病机制尚不清楚,众多的治疗方案可供选择。因此,循证医学研究结果有非常重要的临床指导意义。IBD的研究方面取得了可喜的进步。但是,有关CD活动指数(CDAI)和临床分型系统仍有待于改进。通过循证医学的研究证据有望确定安全和易于耐受的药物,并能发现目前诊治方面存在的缺陷和问题,更好地解决患者的病痛。     

耐药对肺结核病治疗效果的影响

目的 评价耐药对地区肺结核病治疗效果的影响.方法 对上海地区2004年2月-9月新登记敏感及耐药肺结核病人1年治疗转归进行分析和比较.结果 在全市各区（县）结核病定点医院新登记1 597例肺结核病病人中,805例培养阳性,其中731例经菌型鉴定为结核分枝杆菌的病人纳入分析.731例病人的总耐药率为18.7%,耐多药率为6.7%.敏感组治疗成功率达到93.0%,非MDR的耐药病人治疗成功率达到85%以上,MDR组治疗成功率为71.4%.经x2检验,差别有统计学意义（x2=83.996 8,P＜0.01）.在68例治疗不成功的病人中,耐药病人占38.2%;而在30例治疗失败的病人中,耐药病人占60%.复治敏感病人的治疗成功率（92.0%）与初治敏感病人（93.1%）相当,但是复治耐药病人的治疗成功率远低于初治耐药病人.结论 （1）上海地区肺结核病病人治疗管理效果良好;（2）耐药是肺结核病治疗失败的重要因素,应加强和改进对耐药结核病的治疗措施;（3）耐药和敏感病人治疗效果存在较大差异,应分别评价.     

烧伤病人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素的检测和耐药性分析

目的:评价乳胶结合实验,检测重症监护病房(ICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及其肠毒素(SE),并进行耐药性分析。方法:收集260株金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株,通过药敏试验将其分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),用反向间接血凝试验(RPHA)检测金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素。结果:MRSA产肠毒素为134株,MSSA产肠毒素为38株,MRSA产肠毒素率为100％,MSSA产肠毒素率为30％。结论:重症监护病房应重视MRSA的检测和金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的检测,合理使用广谱抗菌药物。