东乡族及回族吸毒人群性激素水平的变化

本文测定了东乡族、回族吸毒者血清睾酮及促黄体生成素含量，发现血清睾酮含量吸毒组（ｎ＝４０，Ｘ＝３４０．１４±１０１．４９ｎｇ／ｄＬ）显著低于非吸毒组（ｎ＝４２，Ｘ＝４４４．５０±９８．８３ｎｇ／ｄＬ），Ｐ＜０．０１。未观察到ＬＨ含量的改变。戒毒期２０日以内组血清睾酮含量（ｎ＝１６，Ｘ＝２９７．９３±７８．２２ｎｇ／ｄＬ），低于戒毒期２０～６０日组（ｎ＝１７，Ｘ＝３８６．２９±８９．４５ｎｇ／ｄＬ），Ｐ＜０．０１。询问１０３名吸毒者，２月后性欲下降２５人（２４．２７％），增强２人（１．９４％），无变化１３人（１２．６２％），不愿回答者６３人（６１．１７％）。吸毒影响性功能，损害性健康。     

对曾氏推导的药物蛋白结合率公式的修正

对曾氏推导的药物蛋白结合率公式的修正娄建石（天津医科大学药理教研室，天津３０００７０）测定药物蛋白结合率是药物代谢动力学研究中的重要内容之一。曾衍霖教授根据国外文献推导出药物蛋白结合率公式（１），为这方面的研究提供了很好的计算依据。本文作者在计算药物...     

Oral self-administration of etonitazene in rhesus monkeys: Use of a fading procedure to establish etonitazene as a reinforcer

The establishment of orally delivered etonitazene (a potent opioid) as a reinforcer, was studied in eight rhesus monkeys. Initially, when given concurrent access to 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene and the water vehicle, five of the monkeys rejected the drug, whereas the other three monkeys consumed more drug solution than water. The five monkeys that rejected the drug solution underwent an acquisition phase to establish the drug as a reinforcer. A fading procedure was used to transfer control of responding from a 2% (wt/vol) ethanol solution to a 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene solution. Initially, responding was maintained by contingent deliveries of 2% ethanol. Next, across blocks of six or more sessions, increasing amounts of etonitazene were added in steps to the 2% ethanol solution. Subsequently, the 2% ethanol solution was decreased in steps to zero, leaving only the 2.5 μg/ml etonitazene present. When the fading procedure was completed, dose of etonitazene was varied by increasing the volume delivered, first under fixed ratio (FR 4) and then under an FR 8 reinforcement schedule. The same dose manipulations were made with the three monkeys who did not undergo the fading procedure because they preferred etonitazene over water when first tested. Etonitazene was established as a reinforcer for six of the eight monkeys because drug deliveries exceeded vehicle deliveries across a range of drug doses.     

Effects of the putative dopamine autoreceptor antagonists (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 on the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine

Recent evidence suggests that the putative dopamine (DA) autoreceptor antagonists, (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232, share some neurochemical and behavioral effects with both psychostimulants and neuroleptics. The ability of (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 to mimic or antagonize the stimulus effects of cocaine was investigated in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg (N=8) or 10 mg/kg (N=8) of cocaine from saline in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In the cocaine (10 mg/kg) group, administration of (+)-AJ 76 (2.5–20 mg/kg) engendered only a partial substitution for cocaine (maximum 60% cocaine-lever responses). Given in combination with cocaine (10 mg/kg), (+)-AJ 76 (2.5–40 mg/kg) did not significantly attenuate the cocaine cue. A fixed dose of (+)-AJ 76 (2.5 or 10 mg/kg) plus various doses of cocaine (1.25–5 mg/kg) did not alter the cocaine dose-response curve. (+)-UH 232 (2–16 mg/kg) produced primarily saline-appropriate responding in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg of cocaine and was unable to block the interoceptive cocaine state when given in combination with cocaine (5 mg/kg). (+)-UH 232 (2 or 8 mg/kg) also did not alter the cocaine dose-response curve. These results suggest that (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 elicit only weak or no cocaine-like stimulus effects and, unlike neuroleptics, do not attenuate the cocaine cue.     

老年患者尿路感染菌群分布及其耐药性分析

目的 :了解老年患者尿路感染致病菌的菌群分布及其对抗生素的耐药情况 ,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 :收集湖北省 15所三级甲等医院 2 0 0 2年尿路感染老年患者清洁中段尿细菌培养分离的 5 34株致病菌 ,对其进行耐药性监测。药敏采用K B法 ,用WHONET 5软件进行数据分析。结果 :共收集致病菌 5 34株 ,其中革兰阴性菌 4 0 9株 (76 .6 % ) ,革兰阳性菌 12 5株(2 3.4 % )。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌检出率最高 (2 6 4株 ,4 9.4 % ) ,其次为克雷白杆菌 (44株 ,8.2 % )。 16 .7%的大肠埃希菌和 2 2 .7%的克雷白杆菌产超广谱 β 内酰胺酶。亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶对革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性最强 ,而革兰阴性菌对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、哌拉西林的耐药率均在 5 0 %以上。革兰阳性菌以肠球菌最多见 (6 4株 ,12 % ) ,其次为葡萄球菌属 (43株 ,8.1% )。革兰阳性菌对SMZco、红霉素等的耐药率均在 4 0 %以上 ,但对万古霉素均敏感。结论 :老年患者尿路感染以革兰阴性菌为优势菌株 ,且耐药性日益严重 ,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶最为敏感。革兰阳性菌宜以万古霉素为首选。     

Introduction of “international syringe labelling” in the Republic of Ireland

Introduction  Medication errors are a preventable cause of patient injury. In May 2003, as a result of a joint initiative by the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, the Intercollegiate Faculty of Accident and Emergency Medicine and the Intensive Care Society, a new colour code chart for syringe labelling was introduced. The introduction of the new system has not been uniform in the Irish Republic with no national guidelines or time scale in place. Methods  A questionnaire was administered to doctors working in Anaesthesia in two Dublin teaching hospitals. Results  As much as 23% had administered an incorrect medication and 53% admitted to a near miss as a result of the introduction of the new label. Discussion  Future action should focus on practical, common sense interventions including techniques such as those that reduce reliance on memory, standardization, the use of protocols and checklists, and the elimination of look-alike products.     

The resurgence of tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland: Perceptions and reality

Tuberculosis remained a very significant cause of death in Ireland until the mid-20th century and still occupies a prominent position in the folk memory. As I show with reference to recent Irish media coverage, the global resurgence of tuberculosis is therefore viewed with concern in Ireland. Using data collated by the Health Protection Surveillance Centre between 1998 and 2005 however, I show that the recent increase in tuberculosis incidence in Ireland is less than is popularly perceived. This increase is largely associated with economic immigrants attracted to Ireland by the ‘Celtic Tiger’ economic boom, but there is little evidence to suggest that this has had a negative impact on the Irish-born population. Drug resistance is still a small but growing problem. Whilst vigilance is required, it is argued that the recent increase does not at present indicate a likely return to the situation in the mid-20th century.     

Vascular PET Prostheses Surface Modification with Cyclodextrin Coating: Development of a New Drug Delivery System

PURPOSE: Cyclodextrins (CDs) are torus shaped cyclic oligosaccharides with a hydrophobic internal cavity and a hydrophilic external surface. We performed and analysed an antibiotic binding on Dacron (polyethyleneterephtalate, PET) vascular grafts, previously coated with CDs based polymers. METHODS: The CDs coating process was based on the pad-dry-cure method patented in our laboratory. The Dacron prostheses were immersed into a solution containing a polycarboxylic acid, a cyclodextrin and a catalyst, and placed into a thermofixation oven before impregnation with an antibiotic solution (Vancomycin). Biocompatibility tests were performed with L132 human epithelial cells. The antibiotic release in an aqueous medium was assessed by batch type experiments using UV spectroscopy. RESULTS: Viability tests confirmed that the CDs polymers coating the Dacron fibers were not toxic towards L132 cell. Cell proliferation was similar on coated and uncoated grafts. A linear release of Vancomycin was observed over 50 days. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of coating CDs onto vascular Dacron grafts. Biological tests show no toxicity of the different cyclodextrins coated. A linear release of antibiotics was depicted over 50 days, demonstrating that cyclodextrin grafting was an efficient drug delivery system.     

原料药粒径对盐酸普萘洛尔渗透泵片释药行为的影响

目的:研究原料药粒径等对盐酸普萘洛尔渗透泵片释药行为的影响。方法:取不同批号盐酸普萘洛尔及同批号重结晶前、后的原料药均按相同处方制备成渗透泵片,考察药物体外释放情况及释药24h后衣膜形态;并对上述不同原料药的粒径分别以光学显微镜和激光粒度分析仪进行证实。结果:以原料药粒径较小的渗透泵片释放完毕后衣膜变形,且不能维持零级释放,原料药粒径较大的渗透泵片结果与之相反。不同原料药经仪器证实粒径确有差异。结论:原料药的粒径可影响制备的渗透泵片的释放行为,提示性状稳定的原料药的合理选择在制剂过程中不可忽视。     

2003-2005年积水潭医院烧伤感染常见细菌及耐药性分析

目的 了解笔者单位近期的烧伤感染细菌分布及耐药情况。方法 收集2003年1月-2005年12月从笔者单位492例烧伤住院患者创面分泌物、静脉导管、血液、尿液、粪等标本分离而得的菌株，对其菌种分布特点及耐药性进行分析。结果 送检标本中革兰阴性菌多于革兰阳性菌。革兰阳性菌292株，分离率最高者为金黄色葡萄球菌（16．7％），其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌在金黄色葡萄球菌中占82．5％；革兰阴性菌372株，分离率较高的分别为铜绿假单胞菌（12．5％）、大肠埃希菌（11．1％）。3年中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对超广谱β内酰胺酶的耐药率分别为60．8％和42．9％。结论 笔者单位烧伤病区细菌耐药问题严重，仍需不断监测病区菌种变化及药物敏感情况，以有效地控制细菌感染和耐药菌株的播散。