Patient-controlled intranasal diamorphine for postoperative pain: an acceptability study

A patient acceptability study was conducted using patient-controlled intranasal diamorphine. Patients undergoing nonemergency orthopaedic or gynaecological surgery self-administered intranasal diamorphine for 24 h postoperatively. Pain, pain relief, sedation, respiratory rate, nausea and vomiting were assessed regularly. After 24 h, patients and their attending nurses completed a questionnaire assessing satisfaction and practical aspects of the technique. Satisfaction was reported as good or complete by 69% of patients and 69% of nurses. Pain relief was assessed as better than expected by 45% of patients and better than normal by 50% of nurses. Seventy-nine per cent of patients would be pleased to use patient-controlled intranasal diamorphine again and 89% of nurses would be happy for their patients to use it again. Sedation was uncommon and mild and there were no episodes of significant respiratory depression. Fifty-three per cent of patients reported no nausea and 74% did not vomit at any stage. There were seven withdrawals, four due to problems with the device and three due to therapeutic problems. The nasal spray may need modification to improve reliability. However, we found patient-controlled intranasal analgesia an effective technique, which was well tolerated by patients and nurses and was without unpleasant side-effects. Further work to determine how it performs compared with intramuscular or intravenous analgesia is now needed.     

利尿酸是打开血-迷路屏障的钥匙

目的观察在不同的时机应用利尿酸以暂时破坏耳蜗血管纹上皮是否能够开放血-迷路屏障,从而促使庆大霉素进入耳蜗或者从耳蜗排出.方法听神经动作电位测试技术,全耳蜗毛细胞计数定量观察技术和荧光偏振免疫法测定庆大霉素浓度的技术被用于以下两个不同目的的实验观察.(1)当庆大霉素血中浓度高于内耳液浓度时,应用利尿酸破坏蜗管外壁以促使更多的庆大霉素进入耳蜗以制备不同程度耳蜗损害的动物模型.(2)当庆大霉素内耳浓度高于血中浓度时,应用利尿酸损坏蜗管外壁以促使蓄积在耳蜗内的庆大霉素从内耳排出以达到挽救毛细胞的目的.结果1.当庆大霉素血中浓度高于内耳液浓度时,注射利尿酸可造成更多的毛细胞损害和听功能障碍,外淋巴中药物的峰值浓度和半衰期浓度也均比单独一次注射庆大霉素动物外淋巴中药物浓度增加一倍,说明同时注射利尿酸可促使更多的庆大霉素从血液进入耳蜗并造成更严重的毛细胞损害.2.当血液中庆大霉素排空之后,注射利尿酸可减少毛细胞数量的损失程度,同时发现延迟注射利尿酸组动物的听力损失程度比不经利尿酸处理动物组有所减轻,外淋巴中药物浓度也比不经利尿酸处理动物组降低一半,说明当GM在耳蜗内蓄积但血清中已经排空时注射EA有助于降低药物在耳蜗内的蓄积并挽救尚未被破坏的毛细胞.结论利尿酸可以做为打开血-迷路屏障的钥匙,但是应用利尿酸开放血-迷路屏障可以产生双向结果,其关键在于注射利尿酸的时机.     

Factors associated with liver biopsy performance in HCV-HIV coinfected injecting drug users with HCV viremia: Results from a five-year longitudinal assessment

The last international consensus conference about hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment emphasized the importance of treatment for persons coinfected with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As liver biopsy precedes treatment, we aimed to identify factors associated with the performance of liver biopsy among HIV-HCV coinfected drug users during a 5-year follow-up to study their access to HCV treatment. Of the 296 patients followed in the HIV hospital departments of Nice and Marseilles and with retrievable records about HCV diagnosis and care, 166 were eligible for analysis having had detectable HCV RNA at least once during the study period. Overall, 45.2% of patients underwent liver biopsy during follow-up. Using proportional hazard models, predictors of having had a liver biopsy were high social support, complete abstinence from drug injection, and lack of immunosuppression as well as male gender, no history of multiple incarcerations, more recent onset of drug use, and an increase of liver enzyme levels. These results suggest that specific efforts should be devoted to HIV-HCV coinfected drug users to assist with stabilizing these patients to optimize their access to HCV care whenever possible. The MANIF 2000 study group includes C. Boirot, A. D. Bouhnik, M. P. Carrieri, J. P. Cassuto, M. Chesney, P. Dellamonica, P. Dujardin, S. Duran, J. G. Fuzibet, H. Gallais, J. A. Gastaut, G. Lepeu, D. A. Loundou, C. Marimoutou, D. Mechali, J. P. Moatti, J. Moreau, M. Nègre, Y. Obadia, I. Poizot-Martin, C. Pradier, D. Rey, C. Rouzioux, A. Sobel, B. Spire, F. Trémolières, and D. Vlahov.     

923份住院病历抗菌药使用情况调查分析

目的：调查住院患者抗菌药使用情况，提高临床合理使用抗菌药水平。方法：抽取深圳市属某综合医院2004年4月1、4、7、10、13、16、19、22、25、28日共10d34个临床科室的所有出院病历923份，对其抗菌药使用情况进行统计分析。结果：75．1％的患者(693／923)使用了一共86种抗菌药(其中头孢菌素类27种)，其中514例患者使用了2种以上的抗菌药，34例患者使用了6种以上的抗菌药，最多者使用了17种抗菌药。手术科室抗菌药使用率和联合用药率均明显高于非手术科室。仅87例进行了微生物学检查和药敏实验。没有一例进行血药浓度监测。结论：抗菌药使用广泛，比例偏高；多凭经验用药，缺少药敏实验依据。用药方案不尽合理，存在滥用现象。     

影响药物流产效果的相关因素分析

目的:分析影响药物流产成功的相关因素,指导药物流产的临床使用。方法:对1311例早孕药物流产患者的年龄、孕产次、子宫位置及人流史与药流不全的关系进行分析。结果:总的药流不全率为40.3%。不同年龄组药流不全比例没有显著性差异;子宫位置中,后屈者药流不全率高达62.5%,前倾位者药流不全率为4.6%;初孕者药流成功率高达82.0%;随着人流次数的增多,药流不全率明显增高。结论:影响药物流产成功的因素有子宫屈位、既往分娩史及人流史。     

高血压药物治疗体会

据我国卫生统计资料显示,我国高血压的患病率由20世纪50年代末的5.11%,至90年代初上升至11.26%,后十年上升了25%,我国现有高血压病人数达到1亿人以上[1]。但高血压病知晓率仅25%,治疗率12.5%,控制率只有3%,远远低于发达国家[2]。高血压是心脑血管并发症的独立危险因素。医务工作者因工作繁忙,而缺乏对高血压患者全面、细致、耐心的讲解,而使心脑血管病死率居高不下,为此对“习以为常、不以为然”的高血压病的防治工作仍任重道远。1评价高血压要对每位高血压患者确定引起高血压病的病因,明确有无靶器官的损害及有无心血管疾病存在,病程及对治…     

1990-2004年上海地区临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性变迁

目的 了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对抗菌药耐药性变迁情况。方法 对1990至2004年上海地区11所医院的细菌耐药监测资料中大肠埃希菌临床分离株的耐药性变迁情况进行分析，细菌药敏采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果 临床分离大肠埃希菌33495株对21种抗菌药药敏试验结果显示，该菌对大多常用抗菌药的耐药性在15年间呈上升趋势。对氨苄西林、哌拉西林的耐药率自69．0％和30．0％分别增至85．0％和71．4％。对头孢菌素类中的头孢唑啉（24．0％-48．3％）、头孢呋辛（18．0％-45．7％）、头孢克洛（33．3％-46．8％）的耐药率均增长，尤其是头孢噻肟的耐药率自1990年的6.0％增至2004年的35．2％。对氟喹诺酮类的耐药性15年间明显增高，且各品种间呈交叉耐药，自1990年的11．0％增至2004年的55．4％。对庆大霉素的耐药率缓慢上升（44．0％-54．0％）。大肠埃希菌对四环素、氯霉素、磺胺甲晤唑／甲氧苄啶（SMZ／TMP）耐药率始终较高。头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、β内酰胺类／β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方、呋喃妥因则保持了对大肠埃希菌的良好抗菌活性。产超广谱B内酰胺酶（ESBL）大肠埃希菌所占比例在2000-2004年间逐渐上升，自14．7％增至36．5％，产ESBL菌株耐药性均明显高于非产ESBL者。结论 临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990-2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。 床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990--2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。     

氯诺昔康复合丙泊酚、芬太尼用于人工流产的临床研究

目的:观察氯诺昔康复合丙泊酚、芬太尼用于无痛人工流产的临床效果.方法:采用双盲法随机将600例早期妊娠妇女分成氯诺昔康组(L组)300例和对照组(P组)300例.麻醉前2h,L组口服氯诺昔康8mg,P组服用安慰剂.麻醉诱导先缓慢静脉注射芬太尼1μg·kg-1,1min后再予丙泊酚1.5mg·kg-1静脉注射.术中根据患者反应每次追加丙泊酚20～30mg.观察记录两组诱导时间、苏醒时间、丙泊酚用药总量、呼吸循环参数改变、术后腹痛发生情况和不良反应.结果:术后腹痛L组少于P组(P＜0.05),术中丙泊酚用药总量L组少于P组(P＜0.05).两组呼吸循环抑制发生率及诱导、苏醒时间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:氯诺昔康用于无痛人工流产可增强麻醉效果,减少丙泊酚用量,减少术后腹痛的发生率,减轻术后腹痛的程度,值得推广应用.     

Treatment failures secondary to drug interactions with divalent cations and fluoroquinolone

We observed four cases of therapeutic failures while patients were simultaneously taking medications that contained divalent cations and oral fluoroquinolones. Patients improved after conversion to the intravenous formulation of the same antibiotics, proper spacing of the divalent cation, or conversion to a different antibiotic class. Patients prescribed oral fluoroquinolones should receive instructions on proper separations of these antibiotics with divalent cations. Health care professionals should be cognizant of these interactions and educated on their potential deleterious effect.