氯化磷酸三钠消毒不同水体应用试验研究

本文报告了氯化磷酸三销对医院污水、游泳池水、浅井水、河水的消毒试验方法和结果。结果表明：医院污水消毒加入有效氯9mg／L的氯化磷酸三钠,作用1h后可达到GBJ48—83医院污水排放标准;游泳池水消毒加入有效氯0．8mg／L作用1h后可达到游泳池水卫生标准;浅井水消毒加入有效氯0．8mg／L作用30min可达到饮用水有关卫生标准;河水消毒加放有效氯1．25mg／L作用1h,水质有很大改善,生物指标接近饮用水卫生标准。     

某市饮用水源水,出厂水中有机污染物GC／MS定性分析

本文采用ＧＣ／ＭＳ－ＤＳ对某市饮用水源水,出厂水中有机污染物进行定性分析,共检测出２３０余种有机污染物,以酯类,多环芳烃,脂肪酸,胺类,杂环类及烷烃类等为主要污染物。其中有７种物质为中国水环境优先控制污染物。结果还表明：出厂水有机污染物浓度水源有机污染物浓度高。     

自动变温热交换水箱的研制

通过对变温热交换水箱的智能化设计（硬件和软件）,实现了循环水温的自动化控制,从而达到对热交换水箱中逆向运动的血液温度按临床需要自动进行温度调节。     

Kremer试验与伊红Y水试验在精子功能检查中的意义

本文比较作为精子功能检查的Kremer试验与伊红Y水试验的临床意义。以Kremer试验精子穿透CM高度分组,I组精子穿透高度<2.0cm/30min,Ⅱ组精子穿透高度2.0～3.9cm/30min,Ⅲ组精子穿透高度≥4.0cm/30min。伊红Y水试验Ⅰ组精子头部未着色同时尾部膨胀率为16.2±12.6％,Ⅱ组43.1±11.1％,Ⅲ组56.9±8.5％,Kremer试验与精液常规检查,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比较均有非常显著差异,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较只伊红Y水试验有非常显著差异,显示Kremer试验与伊红Y水试验临床意义的区别。两种方法各自在不同角度反映精子的功能状态。作为精子功能检查都具有方法简便、经济、结果有临床意义的优点,均可作为临床检查的常规手段。     

淮北农村改建深井为主的简易集中供水防制腹泻病效果研究

１９９７年～１９９８年,对两个县６个改水村和６个对照村的１００９２农村居民的饮水与腹泻病进行入户调查。结果表明,不同饮水类型的腹泻病发病率高低顺序是沟、河、塘水（１９．８０％）、浅水并（１２．６７％）,混和水（１０．０６％）和简易自来水（５．９２％）,饮用以深井为主的简易自来水的改水地区腹泻病发病率显著低于非改水地区。用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析筛选出腹泻病的影响因素是厕所类型（ＯＲ ３．６５２ Ｐ＜０．０１）、饮水类型（ＯＲ ２．４４６ Ｐ＜０．０１）、冷饮（ＯＲ１．３０ Ｐ＜０．０１）、砧板（ＯＲ１．３５６ Ｐ＜０．０１）、聚餐（ＯＲ１．１９７Ｐ＜０．０１）和凉拌菜（ＯＲ　１．１８４ Ｐ＜０．０１）等,控制混杂因素后,归因于饮用非自来水的ＡＲ％为５９．１％,表明改建以深井为主的简易自来水可降低５９．１％的腹泻病人。     

江苏省集中式供水卫生监督管理现状

为全面了解我省集中式供水单位卫生监督管理的基本情况,我们对 １９９８年度全省 １３个市的市、县、乡和村级水厂进行了调查,结果表明：乡、村两级水厂未受到有效监督和管理,其卫生许可证持证率、自检能力、消毒剂和净水剂应用、对水源水和末梢水的监测率都明显低于市级水厂（Ｐ＜０．０１）。全省水厂消毒问题较突出,乡、村级水厂消毒率仅为５１．９％、５．７％,全省以地下水为水源的水厂消毒率仅１９．５％;全省乡和村级水厂出厂水余氯达标率分别为５７．１％、２０．７％,末梢水分别为５７．４％、２２．４％。加强对乡、村两级水厂的监督管理显得十分重要。     

禁水大鼠肾脏与尿液水通道蛋白2表达的改变及意义

目的　研究禁水大鼠肾脏及其尿液AQP2 (aquaporin2 )水通道蛋白量的改变 ,阐明尿液AQP2蛋白与抗利尿激素 (ADH)的关系及其在监测机体水平衡中的作用。方法本实验通过建立禁水大鼠模型 ,用免疫组化和Western印迹分析法测定肾脏内髓及尿液AQP2的含量 ,并比较禁水组大鼠尿液AQP2含量与对照组的差别。结果禁水组大鼠肾脏AQP2蛋白表达量较正常对照组明显增加 ,且AQP2蛋白可在尿液中检测到 ,禁水时尿液AQP2含量明显增多 (P <0 0 1)。结论AQP2是机体缺水时维持机体水平衡的关键蛋白质之一 ,检测尿液AQP2含量是监测机体重吸收状况的一种较好的方法。     

Use of crayfish in biomonitoring studies of environmental pollution of the river Meuse

The river Meuse, located in western Europe, is contaminated by different pollutants, of both organic and inorganic nature. The predominant sources of Meuse contamination in The Netherlands are agricultural activities and pollution derived from urban areas. Crayfish, water, and sediment samples were collected at four different locations of the river Meuse, in order to cover a large part of the catchment area of this river in The Netherlands. Crayfish may be very useful in biomonitoring studies, since they can integrate body load by pollutants over time in an area-bound manner. In these crayfish, levels of aromatic DNA adducts, heavy metal residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides were determined in hepatopancreatic tissue. Also analyzed were water and sediment samples derived from the same locations, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and organochlorine compounds. In sediments from the four different sampling sites, no clear differences were observed in PCB levels. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations were highest at location A, the most upstream sampling site, whereas a general decrease was observed following the river Meuse downstream. A similar pattern was observed for the metal compounds. For PAH sediment levels no consistent tendency could be observed. Highest values were detected at site B, followed by, respectively, locations A, D, and C. In water samples, a different pattern was observed. The highest metal concentration was observed at location D, whereas the total organochlorine level was higher at sites B and D, compared to the two other sampling sites. Differences in pollution levels in crayfish between sampling sites were evident. Site D, the most downstream-situated site examined, appeared to be the most polluted site with respect to PCBs, DDT, DDE, and Cu in crayfish. Moreover, DNA adduct levels, which may serve as a dosimeter for the internal dose of aromatic compounds such as PAHs and PCBs, were also significantly higher in hepatopancreatic tissue of crayfish captured at site D, compared to the three other sampling sites. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between DNA adduct levels and the lower chlorinated PCB congeners (PCB 28-PCB 101). By correlating the different pollutants in water and/or sediment with xenobiotic levels in crayfish, no consistency could be observed, indicating that monitoring aquatic species may provide specific information on the presence of surface water pollutants. These results indicate that crayfish can be used as biological indicators of exposure to both organic and inorganic pollution in aquatic systems.     

碱离子水饮用后血小板聚集率的的变化(附30例报告)

目的:报告30例饮用豪斯牌碱离子水前、后血小板聚集率的变化。方法:饮用碱离子水前、后(2～3月,>3～6月)作比浊法血小板聚集试验,以1分钟、5分钟及5分钟内最大聚集率(Max％)为指标,同时检测部分血粘度指标及凝血因子,并用自动生化仪检测血糖、血脂、主要电解质及部分肝、肾功能。结果:饮碱离子水后,血小板聚集率明显下降,而以疾病组(Max>80％)下降尤为明显,P均<0.001。饮碱离子水后血小板聚集率的下降,部分可能与损伤的血管内皮得到修复有关。主要电解质及部分肝、肾功能无明显异常改变。结论:由于心、脑血管血栓性疾病患者血小板聚集率多明显升高,饮碱离子水后血小板聚集率明显下降,且长期饮用对主要电解质及部分肝、肾功能无明显异常改变,作者认为碱离子水使用方例、安全、有效、价廉,因而对心、脑血管血栓性疾病防治方面可能是一种积极的辅助方法,值得临床进一步探索。     

黑河上蔡段河水及饮用水的致突变性

目的：探讨黑河上蔡段癌症高发区河水及饮用水的致突变性。方法：采集严重污染的黑河河水及沿岸浅井水分别进行以下试验。①用ＸＡＤⅡ树脂提取各水样中的有机提取物作为待测样品,以呋喃基康酰胺和叠氮钠作阳性对照,以自发回变率为阴性对照,用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌属ＴＡ９８ 、ＴＡ１００ 菌株进行Ａｍｅｓ 试验。以突变比ＭＲ 值评价试验结果。②松滋青皮蚕豆温浸芽约２ ｃｍ ,分别取３ ～４ 粒放入不同水样中处理,同时以蒸馏水、郑州市自来水作阴性对照,环磷酰胺（１ ｍｇ／Ｌ） 作阳性对照进行微核试验。显微镜下观察根尖细胞微核数,统计微核千分率（ＭＣＮ‰） 。结果：①河水有机提取物对ＴＡ９８、ＴＡ１００ 菌株均可诱发阳性回变;②沿岸浅井水有机提取物能诱发ＴＡ９８菌株的阳性回变;③河水、井水均可致蚕豆根尖细胞微核率（ＭＣＮ‰） 明显增高。④浅井水和河水的致突变性及毒性（ 抑菌圈直径大小） 基本相同。结论：①由于浅井水和河水的致突变性及毒性基本相同,故浅井水中的致突变物质可能来源于河水的水平渗透;②沿岸居民癌症高发与河水污染的潜在致癌性有密切关系,应予以高度重视