牧区生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的调查

目的了解牧区生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况。方法于2014年6—7月,采集随机抽取的赤峰市翁牛特旗8所幼儿园和18户家庭的生活饮用水水样以及辖区内的2条河流和1个水库的环境水样,检测贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫、浑浊度、色度、p H值、总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群。结果幼儿园水样中贾第鞭毛虫的检出率为62.5%,均未超标;隐孢子虫的检出率为62.5%,超标率为12.5%。家庭水样中贾第鞭毛虫的检出率为50%,均未超标;隐孢子虫的检出率为27.8%,均未超标。26份饮用水样中浑浊度、色度和总大肠菌群的超标率分别为23.08%,26.92%和19.23%,耐热大肠菌群无超标。3份环境水样均检出贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫和总大肠菌群。水中贾第鞭毛虫、总大肠菌群均与隐孢子虫呈显著正相关(rs分别为0.682、0.495,均P0.01);水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫均与耐热大肠菌呈显著正相关(rs分别为0.441、0.463,均P0.05)。结论本次调查牧区的生活饮用水和环境水体均存在原虫污染,可能与粪便污染有关。     

2009—2014年成都市生活饮用水突发污染事件分析

目的掌握成都市生活饮用水污染突发染事件发生情况。方法收集成都市2009—2014年生活饮用水突发事件并进行分析。结果生活饮用水污染事件26起,发病案例4起(占15.4%);生物性污染占11.5%,化学性污染占50.0%,混合性污染占38.5%。自然灾害导致的饮用水污染占23.1%,污水倒流入供水设施占15.4%,工业及生活污染占19.2%,涉水产品不合格、人为因素(倾倒废弃物)各占7.7%,交通事故、自来水管网与其他管网相接、消毒设备故障消毒副产物污染各占3.8%。结论成都市生活饮用水突发污染事件主要发生在春、夏季节,大多集中在农村小型集中供水,化学性污染为主,人为因素是主要原因。     

基质金属蛋白抑制因子-1 mRNA在饮水砷暴露肝损伤小鼠肝组织中的表达

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)mRNA在饮水砷暴露肝损伤小鼠肝组织中的表达及意义.方法 50只雄性小鼠被随机分成对照组、亚砷酸钠组(iAs3+组,300 mg/L)、砷酸钠组(iAs5+组,300 mg/L).10个月后处死小鼠,肝功能检查血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、球蛋白(GLB);部分肝组织进行HE染色;Trizol-酚-氯仿一步法提取小鼠肝组织总RNA,紫外分光光度法测定总RNA及纯度,实时荧光定量PCR法测定肝组织中TIMP-1 mRNA的表达,以18S基因作为质控.结果 ALT在对照组(36.67±3.51)、iAs3+组(61.46±13.85)和iAs5+组(43.31±4.21)组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=6.559,P＜0.05);iAs3+组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),iAs5+组与对照组、iAs3+组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);AST在对照组(135.00±20.42)、iAs3+组(510.86±59.01)和iAs5+组(258.93±22.40)组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=83.327,P＜0.05);GLB在对照组(20.86±0.61)、iAs3+组(26.94±3.73)和iAs5+组(24.59±5.27)组间比较差异无统计学意义(F=2.800,P＞0.05).肝组织病理检查显示,肝组织中有明显的肝细胞坏死和再生,TIMP-1 mRNA表达组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=17.337,P＜0.05).结论 TIMP-1基因在水砷暴露肝损伤小鼠肝组织损伤、肝纤维化形成过程中可能起重要作用.     

饮水型氟中毒改水干预措施效果的Meta分析

目的 了解全国改水降氟措施防治饮水型地方性氟中毒的效果，探索控制饮水型氟中毒改水干预措施效果的综合评价方法。方法 制定纳入标准、剔除标准，制定检索策略；通过检索，共查找相关文献450篇，其中符合Meta分析要求的有效文献54篇。采用Cochrane协作网提供的Revman4．2．3统计软件对入选文献进行Meta分析。结果 改水11～20年，儿童氟斑牙患病率从69．3％降到23．8％，成人氟骨症患病率下降了4．9％，儿童尿氟由5．31mg／L降到1．50mg／L。改水21～31年，儿童氟斑牙患病率从78．6％降到23．9％，成人氟骨症患病率下降19．2％。平均改水13年，水含氟量由改水前的4．85mg／L降到0．60mg／L。改水后经济效益明显增加，血生化指标明显降低。结论改水降氟是防治饮水型氟中毒的有效措施，只要饮水含氟量降到允许标准以下，儿童氟斑牙患病率、成人氟骨症患病率和儿童尿含氟量都会明显降低。经济效益的增加间接反映了改水降氟的效果。Meta分析为从整体水平揭示全国改水降氟预防饮水型地方性氟中毒的效果提供了新的研究方法和手段，将对饮水型氟中毒防控干预措施效果综合评价研究起到积极的推动作用。     

Effects of Gender and Comorbidity on Problem Drinking in a Community Sample

We investigated the influence of gender, comorbidity, drinking history, and age on the clinical manifestations of DSM-III alcohol abuse and/or dependence in men and women. The sample was drawn from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, a large-scale, multicenter survey to investigate psychiatric disorders in the community. The results showed that gender and comorbidity had independent effects on problem drinking after drinking history and age had been taken into account. Gender contributed to the age of onset of problem drinking and the rate of its development. Comorbidity, drinking history, and age contributed independently to its severity. The effects of these variables in this community sample paralleled those reported in treatment samples.     

山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒流行现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 在山东省选择9个病区县进行了流行病学调查,居民饮用水含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.结果 水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村占34.41%(606/1761);＞1.00 mg/L的村占65.59%(1155/1761);水氟最大值为11.33 mg/L.水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的改水降氟工程占72.65%(449/618):＞1.00mg/L的改水降氟工程占27.35%(169/618);水氟最大值为5.85 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为45.03%(25 579/56 804),氟斑牙指数为0.80.结论 山东省黄河流域内50.00%以上的村庄水氟超过国家标准(≤1.00 mg/L),地方性氟中毒的流行尚未得到有效控制,须尽快落实防治措施.     

饮用水结构的改变沭阳县地氟病影响的调查

沭阳县由于生活饮用水结构的改变使地方性氟中毒的病区扩大,受害人口增加,青少年氟斑牙的患病率升高。     

Patterns of Suicidality and Alcohol Use in Alcoholics with Major Depression

The aims of this study were (1) to comprehensively characterize a population of alcoholics with major depression in a psychiatric hospital, (2) to determine the prevalence of suicidal behavior in this sample, and (3) to determine whether quantity of alcohol ingested was associated with level of suicidality. Ratings of drinking, depression, and suicidality were obtained using both self-rated and observer-rated instruments. The prevalence of suicide attempts in the week before hospitalization was remarkably high, approaching 40%, whereas 70% had made a suicide attempt at some point in their lifetime. These suicide attempts were typically impulsive in nature, involving little if any premeditation. Most subjects reported drinking more heavily than usual on the day of their suicide attempt. Recent suicidal behavior was significantly associated with recent very heavy drinking (<70 drinks per week) and with number of drinks per drinking day. Quantity of drinking per drinking day was also significantly higher in those making a recent suicide attempt. However, no association was found between quantity of alcohol consumption and suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that recent heavy alcohol use primarily affects suicidality by increasing the likelihood of acting on suicidal ideation rather than by inducing suicidal ideation.     

饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉的临床研究

目的　建立简便易行、非侵入性、符合胃肠生理的检测胃感觉阈值的诊断方法。方法用饮水负荷试验和电子恒压器法分别对 15例健康自愿者和 30例功能性消化不良患者的胃感知和不适阈值进行测定 ,以了解饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉阈值的敏感性、特异性、Kappa值、符合率 ,以及二者之间有无相关性。结果　与电子恒压器法相比较 ,饮水负荷试验测定胃感知阈值的敏感性为85 7% ,特异性为 93 5 % ,Kappa值为 0 82 ,二者的符合率为 91 1% ,两种方法所测得的结果也具有良好的相关性 (P <0 0 1)。饮水负荷试验测定胃不适阈值的敏感性为 81 8% ,特异性为 91 2 % ,Kappa值为 0 79,二者的符合率为 88 9% ,两种方法所测得的结果也具有良好的相关性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　与电子恒压器相比 ,饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉阈值具有较高的特异性、Kappa值和符合率 ,以及良好的相关性 ,可用于消化不良患者胃感觉功能临床辅助诊断和初筛检查 ,在基层医院有广泛的应用前景。     

Relevance of Both Daily Hassles and the ALDH2 Genotype to Problem Drinking among Japanese Male Workers

The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the ALDH2 and ADH2 genes and stress levels, as assessed by the daily hassles scale on the prevalence of problem drinkers, were investigated in males in a Japanese occupational population. The frequency of problem drinkers was estimated by the Kurihama Alcoholism Screening Test (KAST). The prevalence of those with a high KAST score (≥0.0) was significantly higher in ALDH2*1/*1 (18.4%) than in ALDH2*1/*2 (4.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant contributions by levels of alcohol consumption, the ALDH2 genotype, and daily hassles to the prevalence of those with a high KAST score. When we analyzed the data for each ALDH2 genotype, heavier alcohol consumption (≥28.8 ml/day), older age (≥40 years old), and very high daily hassles levels (≥20) significantly increased the prevalence of problem drinkers in ALDH2*1/*1. On the contrary, no variables other than heavier alcohol consumption influenced the prevalence in ALDH2*1/*2. In summary, the present study revealed significant contributions of both daily hassles and the ALDH2 genotype to the increase of problem drinkers in an occupational population. Health promotion activities to prevent from alcohol dependence should focus on ALDH2*1/*1 , especially those of middle age, and should include stress management as a part of their activities.