Effects of Gender and Comorbidity on Problem Drinking in a Community Sample

We investigated the influence of gender, comorbidity, drinking history, and age on the clinical manifestations of DSM-III alcohol abuse and/or dependence in men and women. The sample was drawn from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, a large-scale, multicenter survey to investigate psychiatric disorders in the community. The results showed that gender and comorbidity had independent effects on problem drinking after drinking history and age had been taken into account. Gender contributed to the age of onset of problem drinking and the rate of its development. Comorbidity, drinking history, and age contributed independently to its severity. The effects of these variables in this community sample paralleled those reported in treatment samples.     

饮用水结构的改变沭阳县地氟病影响的调查

沭阳县由于生活饮用水结构的改变使地方性氟中毒的病区扩大,受害人口增加,青少年氟斑牙的患病率升高。     

饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉的临床研究

目的　建立简便易行、非侵入性、符合胃肠生理的检测胃感觉阈值的诊断方法。方法用饮水负荷试验和电子恒压器法分别对 15例健康自愿者和 30例功能性消化不良患者的胃感知和不适阈值进行测定 ,以了解饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉阈值的敏感性、特异性、Kappa值、符合率 ,以及二者之间有无相关性。结果　与电子恒压器法相比较 ,饮水负荷试验测定胃感知阈值的敏感性为85 7% ,特异性为 93 5 % ,Kappa值为 0 82 ,二者的符合率为 91 1% ,两种方法所测得的结果也具有良好的相关性 (P <0 0 1)。饮水负荷试验测定胃不适阈值的敏感性为 81 8% ,特异性为 91 2 % ,Kappa值为 0 79,二者的符合率为 88 9% ,两种方法所测得的结果也具有良好的相关性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　与电子恒压器相比 ,饮水负荷试验测定胃感觉阈值具有较高的特异性、Kappa值和符合率 ,以及良好的相关性 ,可用于消化不良患者胃感觉功能临床辅助诊断和初筛检查 ,在基层医院有广泛的应用前景。     

I. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in alcoholic liver disease: effects on drinking behavior by nurse/physician teams

BACKGROUND: This multicenter prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of polyenylphosphatidylcholine against the progression of liver fibrosis toward cirrhosis in alcoholics. Seven hundred eighty-nine alcoholics with an average intake of 16 drinks per day were enrolled. To control excessive drinking, patients were referred to a standard 12-step-based alcoholism treatment program, but most patients refused to attend. Accordingly, study follow-up procedures incorporated the essential features of the brief-intervention approach. An overall substantial and sustained reduction in drinking was observed. Hepatic histological and other findings are described in a companion article. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive daily three tablets of either polyenylphosphatidylcholine or placebo. Monthly follow-up visits included an extensive session with a medical nurse along with brief visits with a study physician (hepatologist or gastroenterologist). A detailed physical examination occurred every 6 months. In addition, telephone consultations with the nurse were readily available. All patients had a liver biopsy before entry; a repeat biopsy was scheduled at 24 and 48 months. RESULTS: There was a striking decrease in average daily alcohol intake to approximately 2.5 drinks per day. This was sustained over the course of the trial, lasting from 2 to 6 years. The effect was similar both in early dropouts and long-term patients, i.e., those with a 24-month biopsy or beyond. CONCLUSIONS: In a treatment trial of alcoholic liver fibrosis, a striking reduction in alcohol consumption from 16 to 2.5 daily drinks was achieved with a brief-intervention approach, which consisted of a relative economy of therapeutic efforts that relied mainly on treatment sessions with a medical nurse accompanied by shorter reinforcing visits with a physician. This approach deserves generalization to address the heavy drinking problems commonly encountered in primary care and medical specialty practices.     

六安市2008～2012年城区生活饮用水监测结果分析

目的了解六安市城区生活饮用水卫生状况,为改进市政供水卫生质量和卫生监督工作提供科学依据。方法按国家标准对水样进行采集、检测和评价,对六安市城区2008~2012年生活饮用水进行抽样监测,共采集水样697份,分别对感官性状、一般化学指标、毒理学指标、微生物指标和消毒剂指标进行检测。结果六安市2008~2012年城区生活饮用水水质合格率分别为81.06%、88.64%、91.08%、93.45%、99.07%;主要不合格指标是浑浊度、硝酸盐氮、游离余氯、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群等;丰水期与枯水期水质合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.325,P〉0.05）;新水厂与老水厂水质合格率分别为95.90%和87.64%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.633,P〈0.01）。结论六安市城区生活饮用水卫生状况趋于良好,但有部分指标超标,饮用水水质存在一定卫生安全隐患,应加强对供水单位的监督管理。