核与辐射事件现场快速剂量估算系统的研究与设计

目的 研究核与辐射突发事件卫生应急指挥关键技术,为决策人员和技术人员的现场处理工作提供一套辅助指挥工具.方法 根据国家标准和国际组织的技术建议,结合本课题组研究成果,利用现代信息技术,通过编写计算机程序方式完成该系统的研制和程序集成.结果 研制完成了现场快速剂量估算计算机软件.结论 将在核与辐射突发事件卫生应急救援中发挥积极的作用.     

川芎嗪联合小剂量阿斯匹林治疗脑梗塞216例疗效观察

目的 探讨盐酸川芎嗪联合小剂量阿斯匹林治疗脑梗塞方剂的治疗效果.方法 选取216例脑梗塞患者,观察治疗前后血液流变学指标变化.结果 盐酸川芎嗪合并小剂量阿斯匹林治疗能降低血液粘稠度,抑制血小板聚集,改善患者的预后.结论 盐酸川芎嗪联合小剂量阿斯匹林是安全有效,经济的治疗脑梗塞的治疗方剂值得推广应用.     

X刀的剂量计算

本文提出一种Ｘ刀快速计算剂量算法，根据立体定向放射外科中使用的高能Ｘ射线特性和窄束射线剂量分布数学模型，通过改变步长的搜索，快速并精确地计算出剂量分布。     

Comparison of tablet splitting techniques for dosing accuracy of nebivolol tablets: Hand splitting versus tablet cutter and knife

Tablet splitting is a common practice in clinical settings to lower doses, facilitate swallowing or save costs. Splitting devices can be used when hand splitting is difficult or painful. However, data on the accuracy of tablet splitting are limited and it presents a number of patient or formulation-related problems. Thirty nebivolol IR tablets on the Turkish market were split by hand, a tablet cutter (Rabır®) or a knife, and tested for weight variation, loss of mass, disintegration, and friability. The accuracy of split tablets was in the range of 75.4–121, 82.4–115, and 86.9–115% when split by hand, the cutter, and knife, respectively. No significant difference in accuracy was determined between the left and right sides split by the cutter (p = 0.222). The differences were significant for hand and knife splittings (p < 0.005). The precision was 9.02, 7.87, and 6.11% (CV%) for hand, tablet cutter, and knife, respectively. Only hand splitting failed to comply with the subdivision test of European Pharmacopoeia. The split portions met USP standards for friability (<1%). Splitting decreased the disintegration time (4.5 vs. 2.2 min). Overall, the accuracy of the tablet cutter was more favorable than hand splitting and knife. The study demonstrated that the splitting technique may result in inaccurate dosing and significant drug fluctuations for nebivolol tablets.     

亚急性放射病2例临床报告

目的报道2名儿童意外受192Ir迁延照射数月的诊治经过。方法 依据临床表现,生物、物理剂量估算及化验检查,综合分析明确诊断。加强对症、支持治疗,全面检查各项相关指标。结果经多单位估算,病例“A”相当于一次受照剂量1．48～2．2Gy,病例“B”相当于一次受照剂量0．66—1．08Gy,均存在稳定性畸变和非稳定性畸变。经过综合治疗后病情平稳。结论 两例均明确诊断为亚急性放射病,各项指标均提示需密切关注其潜在的远后效应。     

Effect of Intra‐wound Vancomycin for Spinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Intra‐site prophylactic vancomycin in spine surgery is an effective method of decreasing the incidence of postsurgical wound infection. However, there are differences in the prophylactic programs used for various spinal surgeries. Thus, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using intra‐wound vancomycin during spinal surgery and to explore the effects of dose‐dependence and the method of administration in a subgroup analysis. A total of 628 citations or studies were searched in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google Scholar that were published before August 2016 with the terms “local vancomycin”, “intra‐wound vancomycin”, “intraoperative vancomycin”, “intra‐site vancomycin”, “topical vancomycin”, “spine surgery”, and “spinal surgery”. Finally, 19 retrospective cohort studies and one prospective case study were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta‐analysis. The odds of developing postsurgical wound infection without prophylactic local vancomycin use were 2.83‐fold higher than the odds of experiencing wound infection with the use of intra‐wound vancomycin (95% confidence interval, 2.03–3.95; P = 0.083; I² = 32.2%). The subgroup analysis including the dosage and the method of administration, revealed different results compared to previous research. The value of I² in the 1‐g group was 27.2%, which was much lower than in the 2‐g group (I² = 57.6%). At the same time, the value of I² was 0.0% (P = 0.792, OR = 2.70) when vancomycin powder was directly sprinkled into all layers of the wound. However, there is high heterogenicity (I² = 60.0%, P = 0.007, OR = 2.83) when vancomycin powder is not exposed to the bone graft and instrumentation. There are differences found with the method of local application of vancomycin for reducing postoperative wounds and further studies are necessary, including investigations focusing on the dose‐dependent effects during spinal or the topical pharmacokinetic and other orthopaedic surgeries.     

利用3D打印颅脑辐射等效体模进行个性化适形放疗的剂量验证

目的 建立利用3D打印颅脑辐射等效体模对患者进行个性化放疗剂量验证的方法,为三维适形放射治疗安全提供一种可靠的剂量保证手段。方法 采集两例患者（患者1和患者2）的CT图像数据,基于患者1的图像数据,重建其颅骨与脑组织,制作颅脑体模,验证颅骨与脑组织的等效材料。基于患者2的图像数据,根据3D图像重建并选用组织等效材料重建完全的头颅结构,采用3D打印技术制作全头颅体模。通过对目标区域插入电离室剂量仪并行放射治疗方案,获得头颅体模病灶部的剂量,验证和校准实际放疗计划的安全性。结果 对所获两个体模分别进行DR、CT成像,颅脑体模的等效骨骼与患者1骨骼的X射线灰度值差异为13 721,颅脑体模的等效脑组织与患者1的脑组织的CT值差异为35~40 HU,全头颅体模等效颞肌与患者2的颞肌组织的CT值差异为18~28 HU,影像数据表明体模材质的辐射等效性与人体组织近似,并且等效剂量分布符合常规治疗范围,体模的剂量验证可以有效验证放疗计划系统的准确性。结论 基于3D打印和组织等效技术所设计的个性化放疗体模,可应用于个性化放射治疗验证。体模制作方法简单快速,个性化程度高,为三维适形放射治疗安全提供一种可靠的剂量保证手段。     

高传能线密度辐射对人眼晶状体的危害

眼晶状体是人体对辐射最敏感的组织之一,电离辐射的生物效应因其传能线密度(linear energy transfer,LET)的不同而不同,同等吸收剂量条件下,高LET辐射生物效应比低LET辐射更强,尽管目前辐射对眼晶状体的影响这一领域已经有了较多研究,但对于高LET对眼晶状体的影响知之甚少.本文简述人眼晶状体剂量限值...     

“智能化用药监控系统”在减少可预防药物不良事件中的作用分析

目的:为医院减少可预防药物不良事件(ADEs)提供参考。方法:选择某院神经内科、肾脏内科为试验组,以消化内科为对照组。2008年8月1日-2009年7月31日,2组均不进行干预;2009年8月1日-2010年7月31日,在试验组中以自行研发的"智能化用药监控系统"审查处方,将审查出的禁忌证、剂量、频次等用药错误警示定期反馈给医师并进行用药教育,而对照组不进行干预。对2组研究时间段内(2008年8月1日-2010年7月31日)的各种ADEs进行监测。结果:在试验组中,干预前发现可预防ADEs48例,发生率为3.8%,而干预后发现可预防ADEs30例,发生率为1.7%;用药错误警示例数及占处方量百分比以2个月时间段计从最高的378例和2.60%下降到最低的134例和0.91%。其下降均有统计学意义,并因此而节省211662元住院费用,减少了139天住院时间。而对照组相关数据没有显著变化。另外,不可预防的ADEs试验组与对照组干预前、后均没有显著变化。结论:当处方中存在违反禁忌证或剂量、频次等错误时,能够被"智能化用药监控系统"识别,由此可降低医院可预防ADEs的发生率。     

不同剂量激素治疗毒蛇咬伤后肢体肿胀的临床观察

目的研究不同剂量的激素治疗毒蛇咬伤后肢体肿胀的疗效。方法选择2014年5月~2017年9月期间我院急诊科收录的267例毒蛇咬伤病例,予常规切开伤口排毒、全身静滴抗蛇毒血清治疗,依据伤肢肿胀程度的不同将267例患者分为轻度、中度、重度三组,相同肢肿程度的患者内部随机分成对照组和实验组,采用不同剂量的地塞米松治疗,对照组地塞米松采用常规剂量10 mg,实验组采用较大剂量20 mg,比较两组患者的症状消褪时间、住院时间。结果毒蛇咬伤后轻度肢体肿胀的患者,患者症状消褪时间、住院时间,对照组与实验组数据无明显差异(P0.05)。中、重度肿胀的患者,实验组症状消褪时间、住院时间均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组不良反应的发生率为9.77%,显著低于实验组的29.85%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论毒蛇咬伤后的肢体轻度肿胀首选常规剂量,同样有效,且副作用较小。中重度肢体肿胀的患者,采用大剂量进行治疗,取得显著临床效果,可短时间内改善患者不适,值得临床推广应用。