粤西某市城区寄宿学校中学生不良饮食行为现状与影响因素分析

目的 了解粤西某市城区寄宿的中学生饮食行为现状与影响因素,为探索干预方法提供依据。方法 自编调查问卷,2021年10月对某城区全部有食宿条件的10所中学,用分层抽样法现场调查547名初一至高二学生,对5种饮食行为与相关因素进行描述分析和logistic回归分析。结果 饮食的5种行为不良率从高到低依次为:吃外卖(49.0%)、不吃早餐(31.7%)、喝奶茶(24.3%)、吃夜宵(11.8%)、零食代餐(1.3%);“学生可支配费用少于100元/星期”“学校饭堂饮食口味评价——不满意”两个因素均能促成5种不良饮食行为发生(P<0.05),“饮食重要性感知意识——不重要”因素对“喝奶茶”“吃夜宵”行为影响强度最大(OR=4.386,P=0.019;OR=5.780,P=0.006);女生能促成“吃外卖”(OR=1.586,P=0.015)和“喝奶茶”(OR=1.770,P=0.010),“每星期可支配消费超过200元以上”能促成“吃外卖”和“吃夜宵”(OR=2.346,P=0.001;OR=2.585,P=0.009)。结论 城区寄宿学校中学生不良饮食行为问题突出,不满学校饭堂饮食口味对促发不良饮食行为影响最广,“认为饮食不重要”是促发不良行为产生的最强因素,亟须加强寄宿中学饮食支持条件的管理,加强学生饮食健康教育,控制当前城市寄宿学校中学的学生不健康饮食行为。     

Effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program in adults with obesity: IGOBE program

BackgroundTo achieve sustainable weight loss and healthy lifestyle changes is a huge challenge in the fight against obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program, Group Intervention in OBEsity (IGOBE), compared with a usual care therapy to lose weight.MethodsPatients with obesity (n = 437; 18.5% men, 18–77 years and 40.4 ± 6.7 kg/m²) were randomised into two groups to follow a prospective interventional real-life study: a control group (CG), treated with usual clinical practice, and an intervention group (IG), in which the patients participate in a group intervention program on healthy lifestyle habits with weekly sessions for six weeks, after which a re-evaluation was made at six months and at 12 months of follow-up. After finishing the study dropout rates were 44.6% in CG and 43.4% in IG. Anthropometric, dietetic habits and body composition data were analysed in both groups at the pre-intervention and post-interventions of the subjects by completer’s analysis.ResultsAt 12 months of following IGOBE program, the IG achieved greater weight loss (–7.1% of the initial weight) than the CG, which exhibited a weight gain (3.0% of the initial weight). The body weight change induced in the IG was accompanied by a reduction in fat mass, particularly visceral fat and waist circumference. Relevantly, the IG adhered to a healthy dietary pattern and changed its eating habits, which correlated with the improvement in body weight.ConclusionsIntensive educational group treatment that induces a change of eating habits and adherence to healthy dietary pattern is more effective in a long-term to counteract obesity traits than a standard treatment performed individually. The IGOBE program could be a cost-effective practice in the clinical management of obesity.     

Mental health and socioeconomic status impact adherence to youth activity and dietary programs: a meta-analysis

PurposeSubstantial efforts have gone into reducing the physiological and psychological harm of obesity in youth, but few studies have reviewed the factors contributing to adherence to pediatric weight management programs. The attrition rates to programs offering multiple components to address BMI improvement and healthy lifestyle change among youth are quite high. The purpose of this study is to review the literature for factors contributing to adherence to these programs among children and youth with obesity and determine pooled effect of these factors.MethodsA systematic literature search and meta-analysis was conducted through the PubMed database on pediatric weight management interventions offering at least physical activity and dietary support for obese youth aged 10–17 years, where variables contributing to adherence were reported. Only those studies achieving a threshold of methodological rigour were included.ResultsAltogether, seven studies were included in the analysis. There was a pooled RR of lower socioeconomic status on non-adherence of 1.34 [95% confidence intervals 1.19–1.52] and poorer mental health on non-adherence of 1.12 [95% confidence intervals 1.08–1.17].ConclusionIt is important to address barriers related to lower socioeconomic status in pediatric weight management programs to increase adherence. Further, addressing supports for those with poorer mental health can reduce the risk of non-adherence in multi-disciplinary programs targeting youth with obesity.     

Limited Association between the Total Healthy Eating Index-2015 Score and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals with Long-Standing Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Study: An Exploratory Study

BackgroundThe healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) reflects diet quality in reference to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Little is known regarding its application in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between diet quality as assessed by the HEI-2015 and cardiovascular risk factors among individuals with chronic SCI.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected from August 2017 through November 2019 for an interventional study that evaluates the effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with chronic SCI at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.Participants/settingTwenty-four free-living adults with SCI (mean age, 45 ± 12 y; 8F/16M, level of injury: nine cervical, 15 thoracic; mean duration of injury: 20 ± 13 y) were included.Main outcome measuresParticipants underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. Dietary intake was assessed by three, 24-hour multiple-pass dietary recalls to calculate the HEI-2015 using the simple HEI scoring algorithm method.Data analysisMultiple linear regression analyses were performed to predict indices of lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis and C-reactive protein (CRP) from the HEI-2015. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the number of covariates (level of injury, sex, and body fat percentage).ResultsOn average, participants’ diets were of low quality (HEI-2015, 47.2 ± 10.8). The regression models for fasting glucose (FG), cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CRP had moderate to large effect sizes (adjusted R² ≥ 13%), suggesting good explanatory abilities of the predictors. Small or limited effect sizes were observed for glucose tolerance, fasting insulin, triglycerides, and Matsuda index (adjusted R² < 13%). The HEI-2015 accounted for a moderate amount of variation in FG (partial omega-squared, ω_P² = 13%). Each 10-point HEI-2015 score increase was associated with a 3.3-mg/dL decrease in FG concentrations. The HEI-2015 accounted for a limited amount of variation in other indices (ω_P² < 5%).ConclusionsAmong participants with SCI, higher conformance to the 2015-2020 DGA was 1) moderately associated with better FG homeostasis; and 2) trivially associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. Because of the small sample size, these conclusions cannot be extrapolated beyond the study sample. Future larger studies are warranted to better understand the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risks in this population.     

Associations Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index,Brain Volume,Small Vessel Disease,and Global Cognitive Function

BackgroundAn inflammatory diet is related to poorer cognition, but the underlying brain pathways are unknown.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine associations between the Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and brain volume, small vessel disease, and cognition in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignThis is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data from the Cognition and Diabetes in Older Tasmanians study.Participants/settingsThis study included 641 participants (n = 326 with T2DM) enrolled between 2005 and 2011 from Tasmania, Australia.Main outcome measuresThe E-DII was computed from the 80-item Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies, version 2. Brain volumes (gray matter, white matter, and white matter hyperintensities), infarcts, and microbleeds were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Global cognition was derived from a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests.Statistical analysisLogistic and linear regressions were performed to examine associations between E-DII and brain measures and a global cognitive score, adjusting for demographics, energy, T2DM, mood, ambulatory activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. An E-DII × T2DM interaction term was tested in each model.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 69.8 (7.4) years. There were no associations between the E-DII and any of the brain structural measures or global cognitive function in fully adjusted models. There was a modification effect for T2DM on the association between E-DII and gray matter volume (T2DM: β = 1.38, 95% CI –3.03 to 5.79; without T2DM: β = –4.34, 95% CI, –8.52 to –0.16), but not with any of the other outcome measures.ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, E-DII was not associated with brain structure or global cognition. In 1 of the 7 outcomes, a significant modification effect for T2DM was found for the associations between E-DII and gray matter. Future prospective studies are needed to clarify the associations between diet-related inflammation and brain health.     

Associations Between Perceived Stress and Dietary Intake in Adults in Puerto Rico

BackgroundPsychological stress may influence health by negatively affecting dietary intake. However, there are few studies on the connection between stress and dietary intake in Puerto Rico (PR), a population with documented poor diet quality.ObjectiveTo explore the association between perceived stress and intake of macronutrients and diet quality among adults in PR.DesignCross-sectional data came from the Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle, and Diseases study (2015).ParticipantsThis analysis included data from 238 adults (30-75 years old) in the San Juan metro area.Main outcome measuresDietary intake was measured with a food frequency questionnaire adapted and validated to the PR population. The Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) score was calculated to measure diet quality.Statistical analysesMultivariate linear models adjusted for sociodemographics, anthropometrics, behavioral factors, and social support were used to determine adjusted mean macronutrient intake and AHEI scores by perceived stress category.ResultsIn models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, high perceived stress was significantly associated with higher intake of total energy, added sugars, and saturated fats; lower intake of dietary fiber and vegetable protein; and lower AHEI score compared with low perceived stress (all P < .05). With further adjustment for lifestyle behaviors, central obesity, and social support, high perceived stress remained significantly associated with added sugars, saturated fats, and vegetable protein only.ConclusionsHigher perceived stress was associated with unhealthy dietary intake in adults residing in the San Juan area, PR. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample size are needed to build on these findings and to test the potential mediating and moderating roles of behavioral and social support factors in this population.     

新发结直肠癌患者膳食模式分析

目的 探讨新发结直肠癌患者的膳食模式与发病的关系,为结直肠癌的发生提供科学的干预方向。方法 以2018—2019年辽宁省某肿瘤医院就诊并经病理学确诊的新发结直肠癌患者和同期在该医院体检中心参加健康体检者为研究对象,新发结直肠癌患者为病例组,按同性别、同年龄1∶1选取健康体检者作为对照组,采用主成分分析法对调查对象的膳食模式进行分析,利用Logistic回归模型分析不同膳食模式对结直肠癌发病风险的影响。结果 本研究共对新发结直肠癌患者232例、健康体检者232人进行调查,2组人群在性别、年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入和体力劳动强度分布差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示坚果薯类膳食模式（OR=0.482）、水产奶类膳食模式（OR=0.666）和果蔬素食膳食模式（OR=0.800）是结直肠癌发生的保护性因素,西式膳食模式（OR=1.441）、辛辣熏制膳食模式（OR=1.195）、肉类膳食模式（OR=1.397）和高脂肪膳食模式（OR=1.349）为结直肠癌发病的危险因素。结论 坚果薯类、水产奶类和果蔬素食是结直肠癌发生的保护性因素。西式、辛辣熏制、肉类和高脂肪膳食为结直肠癌发病的危险因素,在结直肠癌的防病宣传健康教育中应该加强饮食健康宣传,提高防病意识,有效降低发病率。     

广州市3~17岁儿童青少年主要膳食镉暴露风险评估

目的 了解广州市市售主要食品中镉含量,对广州市3~17岁儿童青少年膳食镉暴露风险进行初步评估。方法 2016—2018年监测广州市共16类2 882份食品镉含量,结合2011年广州市食物消费量调查数据,应用点评估方法,初步评估广州市3~17岁儿童青少年主要膳食的镉暴露风险。结果 广州市市售主要食品中镉平均含量为0.000 4~1.397 5 mg/kg,总检出率为81.37%,其中双壳贝类的镉含量平均值最高,为1.397 5 mg/kg。3~6岁学龄前儿童、7~17岁学龄期儿童青少年主要膳食镉的月平均暴露量分别为17.129 5、13.970 9 µg/kg·BW,安全限值（MOS）均>1;根据食品化学物高端暴露模型计算,高端暴露量（P₉₅消费量）分别为43.018 2、39.812 7 µg/kg·BW,MOS均<1。3~6岁、7~17岁儿童青少年膳食平均消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为米及米制品、叶菜类和双壳贝类,3类食品累加贡献率分别为72.39%、75.09%;高消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为双壳贝类、米及米制品和叶菜类,3类食品累加贡献率分别达89.01%、91.27%。结论 广州市3~17岁儿童青少年通过日常膳食摄入的镉对健康造成的风险较低,但食物高消费水平下尤其是双壳贝类高摄入人群存在一定的健康风险。应加强重点食品的镉含量监测,倡导平衡膳食和食物摄入的多样性。     

徐州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的 分析徐州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖发生率并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用方便抽样方法抽取徐州市托幼机构中幼儿数量前5位的幼儿园作为调查现场,对抽中幼儿园的所有3~5岁学龄前儿童进行体格检查并对其家长进行问卷调查。采用描述流行病学分析方法对学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖发生现状进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖影响因素进行分析。结果 本研究共对4 464名徐州市3~5岁学龄前托幼儿童开展调查,男童2 236人,女童2 228人。3、4、5岁儿童分别占35.1%、32.0%、32.9%,城区托幼机构儿童占78.4%。有291例单纯性肥胖儿童,发生率为6.5%。分析结果显示父母至少一方肥胖（OR=1.881）、出生体重≥4.0 kg（OR=2.349）、年龄越大（OR=1.523）、偏爱高热量食物（OR=2.968）、很少吃蔬菜水果（OR=2.430）、偏爱零食（OR=2.678）、不易接受新食物（OR=1.499）的徐州市3~5岁学龄前儿童发生单纯性肥胖的可能性较高。结论 徐州市3~5岁学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖发生率较高,儿童单纯性肥胖与饮食行为、年龄、出生体重、父母肥胖情况等因素相关,培养学龄前儿童良好的饮食习惯,改善饮食行为问题,可积极有效地预防儿童单纯性肥胖的发生。     

北京市房山区某初中学生膳食营养素摄入与体质健康的相关性研究

目的 了解北京市房山区某初中学生膳食营养素摄入与体质健康状况的关系,为提高青少年体质健康状况提供依据。方法 采取整群抽样方法,选取北京市房山区某初中3个年级学生进行体质健康测试、3 d 24 h膳食回顾调查及营养知-信-行（K-A-P）问卷调查。结果 共有效调查181名学生,女生92人（50.83%）,男生89人（49.17%）。该校初中生体质达标率为34.81%,性别差异有统计学意义（Ρ<0.05）;体质达标学生膳食营养素摄入较好,但钙的日均摄入量仅为推荐摄入量（RNI）的43.74%;体质未达标学生9种营养素的日均摄入量均低于体质达标学生,差异均有统计学意义（均Ρ<0.05）,其中维生素A及钙的日均摄入量低于RNI的30%,蛋白质、维生素B₂、维生素C、锌、硒、铁也仅达到RNI的40%~60%;体质达标学生营养K-A-P得分优于未达标学生,差异有统计学意义（Ρ<0.01）;Pearson相关性分析显示蛋白质（r=0.706,Ρ<0.01）及钙（r=0.636,Ρ<0.01）的摄入与体质健康呈强相关。结论 北京市房山区某初中学生体质健康状况较差,膳食营养素摄入与体质健康有相关性,建议通过合理膳食来增强学生体质。