Energy Intake,Profile, and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings of the ANIBES Study

Energy intake, and the foods and beverages contributing to that, are considered key to understanding the high obesity prevalence worldwide. The relative contributions of energy intake and expenditure to the obesity epidemic, however, remain poorly defined in Spain. The purpose of this study was to contribute to updating data of dietary energy intake and its main sources from food and beverages, according to gender and age. These data were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance in Spain”) study, a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population (from 9–75 years old). A three-day dietary record, collected by means of a tablet device, was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption and leftovers. The final sample comprised 2009 individuals (1,013 men, 996 women). The observed mean dietary energy intake was 7.6 ± 2.11 MJ/day (8.2 ± 2.22 MJ/day for men and 6.9 ± 1.79 MJ/day for women). The highest intakes were observed among adolescents aged 13–17 years (8.4 MJ/day), followed by children 9–12 years (8.2 ± 1.80 MJ/day), adults aged 18–64 (7.6 ± 2.14 MJ/day) and older adults aged 65–75 years (6.8 ± 1.88 MJ/day). Cereals or grains (27.4%), meats and derivatives (15.2%), oils and fats (12.3%), and milk and dairy products (11.8%) contributed most to daily energy intake. Energy contributions from non-alcoholic beverages (3.9%), fish and shellfish (3.6%), sugars and sweets (3.3%) and alcoholic beverages (2.6%) were moderate to minor. Contributions to caloric profile were 16.8%E from proteins; 41.1%E from carbohydrates, including 1.4%E from fiber; 38.5%E from fats; and 1.9%E from alcohol intake. We can conclude that energy intake is decreasing in the Spanish population. A variety of food and beverage groups contribute to energy intake; however, it is necessary to reinforce efforts for better adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.     

The effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

AimsTo systematically evaluate the evidence regarding the effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels and to compare the findings with current guidelines.Data synthesisFrom inception through June 2019, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for guidelines, systematic reviews, and RCTs (for coffee intake only) of at least 13 days duration. Additionally, we searched Trip database for guidelines from 2009 through Oct 2019. Language was restricted to English. The strength of evidence was evaluated using The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). A total of 37 guidelines, 108 systematic reviews, and 20 RCTs were included. With high evidence, foods high in unsaturated and low in saturated and trans fatty acids (e.g. rapeseed/canola oil), with added plant sterols/stanols, and high in soluble fiber (e.g. oats, barley, and psyllium) caused at least moderate (i.e. 0.20–0.40 mmol/L) reductions in LDL cholesterol. Unfiltered coffee caused a moderate to large increase. Soy protein, tomatoes, flaxseeds, and almonds caused small reductions. With moderate evidence, avocados and turmeric caused moderate to large reductions. Pulses, hazelnuts, walnuts, high-fiber/wholegrain foods, and green tea caused small to moderate reductions, whereas sugar caused a small increase. Other identified foods were either neutral or had low or very low evidence regarding their effects.ConclusionsSeveral foods distinctly modify LDL cholesterol levels. The results may aid future guidelines and dietary advice for hypercholesterolemia.     

应用调整的膳食平衡指数法评价中年人群的膳食质量

目的 应用调整的膳食平衡指数(DBI-07)评价中年体检人群的膳食质量,从而对目标人群进行针对性的营养干预.方法 于2013年1月～2013年12月选取合肥某三甲医院体检中心,年龄为45～60周岁的体检者.运用膳食平衡指数(DBI-07)对其膳食质量进行评价.结果 在该体检人群中,谷薯类达到以及超过推荐量的人占到47.4％;水果蔬菜达到以及超过推荐量的人仅仅占到0.9％,豆类和奶类仅占1.6％;动物性食物摄入不足的人占到71.5％;将近一半的人摄入油、盐及酒精过多;97.2％的人的食物种类较为丰富;77.4％的人的饮水情况较好.结论 该体检人群的膳食摄入总体还不均衡,均存在着摄入不足和摄入过量的问题,膳食摄入不足与膳食总体不均衡的情况有待进一步改善.     

The influence of fast and vegetarian diet on parameters of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Summary Nutritional status was studied over a period of 13 months in 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Seventeen patients fasted for 7–10 days, were then transferred to a gluten-free vegan diet for 3.5 months and finally to a lactovegetarian diet for 9 months. The remaining 17 patients followed a normal diet. After one month, the values for body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were significantly reduced in the diet group compared with the values at inclusion (p<0.001), whereas upper arm muscle area (UAMA) was not significantly reduced. Evaluation of the whole study course revealed a significantly lower BMI (p=0.04) and TSF (p<0.01) in the diet group compared with the control group. The concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was significantly reduced in the diet group after one month compared with the value at inclusion (p=0.01), but the overall difference between the two groups was not significant. There were no overall significant differences with regard to VAMA, concentration of serum albumin, haemoglobin, ferritin, zinc and copper between the two groups. Thus fast, followed by diet manipulations for one year, had a minor impact on nutritional status in patients with RA.     

不同饮食对大鼠十二指肠溃疡愈合的影响及胃粘膜的保护作用

目的:观察小米。大米。面粉和全脂奶饮食对实验性十二指肠溃疡(DU愈合的影响及胃粘膜的保护作用,寻求DU患者更为合理的饮食种类。方法:应用5%半胱胺盐酸盐建立实验性大鼠DU模型,给予不同饮食后测定胃粘膜电位差(PD。前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量。计算溃疡指数(UI)及判定溃疡愈合程度。结果:小米组和大米组的UI分别为2.60±1.71和3.00±1.77,低于面粉组4.70±1.77(P<0.05);全脂奶组UI与以上三组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。胃粘膜组织中PGE2含量亦以小米组和大米组为高,分别为1802.40 pg/mg±567.26pg/mg和1706.86pg/mg±429.08 pg/mg,与面粉组和全脂奶组相比差异显著(P<0.01,P<0.05)。胃粘膜PD检测:小米组为-22.32±10.59;面粉组为-11.76±8.08,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:通过胃粘膜PD的检测,反映小米饮食可提高胃粘膜屏障的完整性;小米和大米饮食可增加胃粘膜组织中PGE2含量,对实验性大鼠DU愈合作用优于面粉饮食。     

Alcohol consumption in Mozambique: Results from a national survey including primary and surrogate respondents

Background: Data on the correspondence between information on alcohol consumption obtained from household members directly interviewed and those evaluated through surrogate respondents are scarce in developing countries.

Aim: To estimate alcohol consumption in Mozambique and to compare the information self-reported by subjects directly interviewed with data provided by surrogate respondents referring to household members that were absent during interview.

Subjects and methods: A representative sample of 20 033 Mozambicans aged 25–64 years was evaluated in 2003 as part of a national household survey. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic and behavioural factors (12 902 participants were directly interviewed and for 7238 data were provided by surrogate respondents).

Results: Nearly a quarter of women and half the men were current drinkers, of which about 60% drank 1–2 days/week and more than 75% reported traditional beverages as the most frequently consumed. No meaningful differences were observed between the estimates obtained using only data reported directly by the participants and when surrogate reports were also considered.

Conclusion: Alcohol consumption was frequent in Mozambique, especially consumption of traditional beverages. Proxy respondents provided valid information on alcohol intake, which may be used to improve the efficiency of household surveys in this setting.     

Eating disorder diagnosis and the female athlete: A longitudinal analysis from college sport to retirement

ObjectivesFemale athletes experience eating disorders (EDs) at clinical, and subclinical, levels; most studies have determined point-prevalence rates through cross-sectional methodologies. To date, few studies have examined the long-term stability of EDs in female athletes; none extend into retirement.DesignA longitudinal investigation of ED classification (i.e., Clinical ED, Subclinical ED, Healthy) and weight control behaviors (e.g., vomiting, laxative use) from when athletes actively competed (T1) into their retirement (T2).MethodsParticipants included U.S. female athletes (N = 193) who were collegiate competitors (T1) and eventually were retired from their collegiate sports six years later (T2).ResultsAt T2, athletes were classified as Healthy (69.9%), Subclinical ED (26.9%), and Clinical ED (3.1%). Overall percentage of Subclinical EDs increased from 18.7% (T1) to 26.9% (T2); 52.8% of T1 Subclinical ED athletes continued to meet criteria for either Subclinical or Clinical ED at T2. Of the 13 Clinical ED athletes at T1, six (46.2%) continued to meet criteria for either a subclinical or clinical ED at T2. Though exercising (2+ hours/day; n = 8, 4.1%) and dieting/fasting (4+ times/year; n = 14, 7.3%) were the most frequently used weight control behaviors at T2, rates were substantially lower than at T1.ConclusionsRetirement does not result in immediate remittance of eating concerns among female athletes; many continue or develop Subclinical and Clinical ED symptoms. Thus, addressing healthy body image and nutrition when athletes are competing is imperative to assist prevention and intervention efforts that may alleviate ED symptoms as athletes transition from sport.