Facilitando la salud comunitaria. Indicadores básicos de salud por área básica de salud en Cataluña

Health depends mostly on factors that lay outside the health system, such as socioeconomic determinants. Intersectorality and participation are key elements for an integrated care person and community centred. In Catalonia, the National Primary Health and Community Strategy aims to reinforce primary health care, so that it becomes the backbone of the health system and with a strong community orientation. To deploy a community oriented primary health care it is important to count with reliable and robust data by small areas. Thirty-eight basic indicators were selected for each of the 370 primary health care in Catalonia. Indicators were calculated and presented following the social determinants model: demographic (4), socioeconomic (3), morbidity (9), mortality (6), lifestyles (4), preventive practices (1), resources and use of health services (9) and physical environment (2). These indicators will allow health professionals to carry out local health assessments in a fast and systematic manner.     

Population prevalence of antiretroviral therapy sharing and its association with HIV viremia in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional population-based study

Introduction

Antiretroviral treatment (ART) sharing has been reported among fishermen and sex workers in Uganda and South Africa. However, no population-based studies have documented ART diversion prevalence (including sharing [giving/receiving], buying and selling) or its relationship with viremia among men and women living with HIV in Africa.

Methods

In 2018–2020, we surveyed people living with HIV aged 15–49 years in 41 communities in the Rakai Community Cohort Study, a population-based cohort in south-central Uganda. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of self-reported lifetime and past-year ART diversion, stratifying by age and gender and documenting sources of diverted drugs. We used log-binomial regression to quantify the relationship between diversion patterns and viremia (viral load >40 copies/ml), reported as unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Of 2852 people living with HIV and self-reporting current ART use, 266 (9.3%) reported lifetime ART diversion. Giving/receiving drugs were most common; few participants reported buying, and none reported selling. Men (12.9%) were more likely to report lifetime diversion than women (7.4%), with men aged 25–34 reporting high levels of sharing (18.9%). Friends were the most common sources of shared drugs, followed by spouses/sexual partners. Patterns of lifetime and past-year diversion were similar. Among participants with viral load results, 8.6% were viraemic. In adjusted analyses, people who reported only giving ART were nearly twice as likely to be viraemic than those who reported no diversion (aPR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.10−3.44), and those reporting only receiving ART were less likely to exhibit viremia (aPR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.12−1.79), although the latter was not statistically significant. Reporting both giving and receiving ART was not associated with viremia (aPR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.43−1.46). Reporting buying ART, though rare, was also correlated with higher rates of viremia, but this relationship was not statistically significant (aPR: 1.98, 95% CI: 0.72−5.45).

Conclusions

ART sharing is common among persons reporting ART use in rural Uganda, particularly among men. Sharing ART was associated with viremia, and receiving ART may facilitate viral suppression. HIV programmes may benefit from considering ART sharing in counselling messages.     

美国放射学会甲状腺结节影像报告系统和影像偶发甲状腺结节管理系列白皮书解读

甲状腺结节是颈部常见疾病,超声作为甲状腺结节的首选检查方式,诊断率较高,但存在观察者依赖性,其中超声成像特征判断及描述定义不一,是一致性较差的主要原因。对应乳腺影像报告及数据系统(Breast Imaging,Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS),一些学者提出了甲状腺影像报告及数据系统(Thyroid Imaging,Reporting and Data System,TI-RADS),部分推荐了进一步随访或细针穿刺活检(fine-needle aspiration,FNA)方案,但版本较多,均未被广泛使用。随着高质量影像学诊断方法的广泛应用,影像偶发甲状腺结节(incidental thyroid nodules,ITNs)(即：临床未发现或未怀疑,由影像检查偶然发现的甲状腺结节)临床愈来愈常见,多数体积较小,为良性病变,其中恶性结节的生物学行为多具有惰性特征,其临床管理尚缺乏统一的规范标准。针对以上情况,美国放射学会(American College of Radiology,ACR)成立了ACR TI-RADS委员会和ACR甲状腺偶发结节委员会,于2015—2017年顺序发表了《影像偶发甲状腺结节管理：ACR偶发甲状腺结节委员会白皮书》《甲状腺超声报告词典：ACR TI-RADS委员会白皮书》《ACR甲状腺影像报告和数据系统：ACR TI-RADS委员会白皮书》。尝试通过系列白皮书建立基于甲状腺结节特征的规范化标准化评估系统即ACRTI-RADS体系,并且提出对CT、MRI、核医学以及超声探查到的ITNs进行实际有效管理规范的建议。     

Progression of Treated versus Untreated Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 4 Masses after Transcatheter Arterial Embolization Therapy

Purpose

To compare outcomes of treated vs untreated Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 (LR-4) masses after transcatheter arterial embolization.

High throughput multiple combination extraction from large scale polymorphism data by exact tree method

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly becoming important in clinical settings as useful genetic markers. For the evaluation of genetic risk factors of multifactorial diseases, it is not sufficient to focus on individual SNPs. It is preferable to evaluate combinations of multiple markers, because it allows us to examine the interactions between multiple factors. If all the combinations possible were evaluated round-robin, the number of calculations would rapidly explode as the number of markers analyzed increased. To overcome this limitation, we devised the exact tree method based on decision tree analysis and applied it to 14 SNP data from 68 Japanese stroke patients and 189 healthy controls. From the obtained tree models, we succeeded in extracting multiple statistically significant combinations that elevate the risk of stroke. From this result, we inferred that this method would work more efficiently in the whole genome study, which handles thousands of genetic markers. This exploratory data mining method will facilitate the extraction of combinations from large-scale genetic data and provide a good foothold for further verificatory research.     

知识发现及其在临床医学上的应用

目前海量的数据存储已经远远超过了人的理解能力 ,尤其是现代医学数据量越来越大 ,而传统的统计技术及数据管理工具已经力不从心 ,知识发现及数据挖掘工具在处理海量数据库时显示了它们的长处。本文首先介绍了知识发现及数据挖掘的概念 ,又详细介绍了知识发现的一个重要工具粗糙集理论的有关基础知识并举例介绍了其应用。