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51.
目的建立胰胆管合流异常的动物模型。方法选用健康杂种猫10只。术前禁食12 h,3.5%戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,取上腹正中切口约6 cm切开各层至腹腔。于胆总管入十二指肠处旁边,切开胰腺背膜,解剖胰管;靠近十二指肠处分别纵向切开胰管、胆管长约4~6 mm的切口。6-0线间断吻合切口,造成类似人类的胰胆管合流的共同通道。术后20天胆道造影。结果术后动物精神、食欲良好,无萎靡、烦燥等表现,造影显示胰胆管合流共同通道延长。结论本动物模型最接近于人类的胰胆管合流异常生理,优于其他动物模型。 相似文献
52.
用Lyman NTCP模型分析原发性肝癌三维适形放疗引起的放射性肝病 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的建立原发性肝癌三维大分割适形放疗Lyman NTCP模型的参数和探讨放射性肝病的影响因素。方法109例患者进行大分割三维适形放疗,其中93例患者肝硬化Child-Pugh分级A级,16例为B级。患者每星期治疗3次,每次间隔48h,(4.8±0.5)Gy/次,平均剂量(53.5±5.5)Gy。用最大拟然比方法分别得到Child-A和Child-B患者Lyman模型中的NTCP参数。结果共有17例发生放射性肝病,发生在Child-A组8例,Child-B组9例。多因数分析表明,肝硬化分级程度是与放射性肝病相关的独立因素(P=0.000)。所有患者的NTCP参数为n=1.1,m=0.35,TD_(50) (1)=38.5Gy;Child-A级为n=1.1,m=0.28,TD_(50)(1)=40.5Gy;Child-B级为n=0.7,m=0.43,TD_(50)(1)=23Gy。结论肝硬化分级是预测放射性肝病发生的危险因子。Child-B患者进行适形放疗易引起放射性肝病。 相似文献
53.
目的利用人肝门部胆管癌细胞系(FRH-0201)接种裸鼠脾脏,建立肝、肺转移模型。方法将FRH-0201细胞系(120代)接种于7只Balb/c裸小鼠脾脏。出现转移时,将转移瘤行组织病理学及超微结构观察。将转移的肿瘤行细胞培养,再次接种裸鼠脾脏,观察转移成瘤情况。结果脾脏局部成瘤率为100%(7/7),转移瘤发生率14.3%(1/7)。转移瘤细胞再次接种于裸小鼠脾脏,转移发生率100%。转移瘤电镜显示典型恶性细胞特征。转移瘤细胞染色体众数19条,主流范围18~44条。结论该实验所建立的肝门部胆管癌转移瘤,符合恶性肿瘤的特点,与人肝门部胆管癌生物学特性一致。 相似文献
54.
20世纪后半叶美国高等医学教育改革历程 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
张艳荣 《Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing, China : 1980)》2006,36(1):33-37
美国现代高等医学教育模式的确立是以20世纪初Flexner报告发表为开端的。第二次世界大战前,现代高等医学教育体系已基本完善,并经历了二战的考验。二战后,随着社会和医学发展,美国高等医学教育一直在进行着改革。按照时间顺序在50年代、60年代以及70、80年代进行了改革。分析历次改革的背景、主要内容及改革的特点特别对指导20世纪80年代后医学教育改革的纲领性文件——GPEP报告进行详细阐述,包括GPEP报告的内容、作用以及与Flexner报告的对比分析。通过回顾与分析,对美国医学教育改革历程中的成功经验和不足之处进行梳理,为我国正在进行的高等医学教育改革提供借鉴与参考。 相似文献
55.
制作角膜缘干细胞完全缺乏动物模型的新方法 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
目的提出一种新的角膜缘干细胞完全缺乏模型制作方法,为干细胞缺乏疾病的治疗性研究提供可靠的模型。方法利用9mm环钻划界,板层切除角膜组织,通过临床评分、印迹细胞学、组织病理及免疫组织化学验证模型的成功。结果板层切除术后30~45d,模型眼角膜混浊、上皮缺损、大量新生血管长入,印迹细胞学可见PAS( )的杯状细胞,组织病理学检查上皮符合结膜细胞表型,免疫荧光染色可见结膜杯状细胞特异性标志MUC5AC阳性表达。结论环钻划界加板层切除法为一种可靠、有效的角膜缘干细胞完全缺乏模型制作方法。 相似文献
56.
Sachiko Goto Akiyoshi Tsuji Teiko Murai Minoru Nishida Hiroko Tsukano Haruo Watanabe 《Journal of infection and chemotherapy》1998,4(1):16-19
Although there are effective antibacterial agents against plague, newer antibacterial agents have been developed which show
more potent activity against other bacterial organisms, but have not been tested againstYersinia pestis. A strain ofYersinia pestis was selected (no. 22; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan) that caused a systemic infection in mice.Y. pestis no. 22 was intraperitoneally inoculated into DDY-strain mice, and 13 oral or 6 injectable antibacterial drugs given to the
infected mice at varying doses 1 and 24 hours after infection. Levofloxacin, sparfloxacin and ofloxacin were the most effective
oral agents against the infection, and prulifloxacin and pazufloxacin were also effective but to a lesser extent. Also, gentamicin
and arbekacin were the most potent injectable antibacterial agents againstY. pestis. These results suggest that there are several new drugs, both oral and injectable, which exert excellent in vivo antibacterial
activity against a mouse infection model and may be useful for the clinical treatment of plague. 相似文献
57.
Thomas E. Kottke Laël C. Gatewood Shu-Chen Wu Hyeoun-Ae Park 《Journal of clinical epidemiology》1988,41(11):1083-1093
Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the effects of several intervention strategies on coronary heart disease mortality rates in a Finnish and a North American cohort. Lowering total serum cholesterol by 4%, smoking by 15%, and diastolic blood pressure by 3% for the whole cohort would be expected to reduce the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction by at least 13% and coronary heart disease deaths by at least 18%. Lowering serum cholesterol by 34%, diastolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg, and reducing smoking by 20% in the subset of the population with all three risk factors in the highest quartile would result in a 6-8% reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction and a 2-9% reduction in deaths from coronary heart disease in these cohorts. These data demonstrate that in populations with a relatively high incidence of heart disease, treating the entire population will produce larger effects than focusing only on high-risk populations. 相似文献
58.
Segregation analysis of leprosy in families of northern Thailand 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Sixty-three families with multiple instances of leprosy were identified through a major leprosy treatment center in northern Thailand. Complex segregation analyses for single major genes or polygenic inheritance were performed using the maximum-likelihood routine POINTER to determine the most likely etiologic model of genetic susceptibility. Liability differences between men and women were considered in these models. When individuals were considered to be affected because they had any form of leprosy, a generalized major gene model with nearly dominant parameters on the liability scale, but additive penetrances, was found to be the most likely. When only those individuals who had tuberculoid forms of leprosy were considered to be affected, a recessive model was found to be the most likely; however, the discrimination between various models was poor. Further analyses are necessary to delineate genetic mechanisms to explain these apparently divergent results. In particular, methods of testing two locus models should be considered. 相似文献
59.
豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞体外通透性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的 研究豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞的体外通透性特征。方法 在成功建立豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞体外通透性模型的基础上 ,研究该体外模型跨细胞电阻及对12 5I 牛血清白蛋白的通透性。结果 ①耳蜗微血管内皮细胞在培养增殖过程中其跨细胞电阻呈动态变化过程 ,以 5× 10 4/cm2 的细胞密度接种时 ,7d左右电阻到达峰值 ,其跨细胞电阻峰值大小为 (118 9± 18 5 )Ω/cm2 ;②体外模型中加入12 5I 牛血清白蛋白后 ,其通透性呈上升期抛物线型曲线 ,90min内几乎呈直线。结论 跨细胞电阻及对12 5I 牛血清白蛋白变化曲线能反映体外耳蜗微血管内皮细胞的通透性特征 相似文献
60.
Shoichi Sasaki 《Neuropathology》1993,13(3):185-192
I briefly review spheroids observed in the anterior horns of the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Spheroids are argentophilic bodies more than 20 μm in diameter. Recently, some connections between the proximal axonal swellings including spheroids and the perikarya have been reported in some ALS patients with a short clinical course or mild depletion of anterior horn neurons. Most of the cell bodies directly connected with the axonal swellings appear normal, and spheroids are considered to be one of the hallmarks of the early histological changes in this disorder. Spheroids are strongly positive with anti-phosphorylated neurofilament antibody, and are also positive with calcitonin gene-related peptide and anti-peripherin antibody. Some spheroids are immunostained with anti-synaptophysin antibody and anti-ubiquitin antibody. Spheroids are not immunostained with anti-phosphorylated tau antibody, or high molecular weight microtubule associated proteins. Electron microscopically, spheroids are usually composed of densely packed accumulation of 10 nm neurofilaments with a variety of orientations, plus vesicles, dense bodies and mitochondria. When the swellings of the initial segment is relatively pronounced, the undercoating is obscured and the neurofilaments become interwoven in some parts. In the first internode of the myelinated axons, as the swellings become larger, the neurofilaments lose their parallel orientation and become intermingled. Large accumulation of neurofilaments resembling spheroids in the perikarya of large anterior horn cells suggests that spheroids could be derived not only from the axon including the proximal portion, but also from the perikarya. Structures apparently identical to axonal spheroids are observed at the light and electron microscopic levels in the proximal portion of axons of anterior horn cells in animal models intoxicated with β, β'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), or with aluminum, in hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA). The pathogenetic mechanism is probably associated with an impairment in slow axonal transport which particularly affects the neurofilaments in IDPN and aluminum intoxication. Impairment of slow axonal transport of neurofilaments also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The average diameter of even normalappearing initial segment is larger in ALS than in the controls. The perikarya connected with the swollen proximal axons and their dendrites almost always appear normal. These findings suggest that the slow axonal transport of neurofilaments is probably impaired in this portion of the axon at an early stage in ALS as well as animal models for human ALS. However, techniques to analyze slow axonal transport in humans still remain tobe developed. Recently, overexpression of neurofilament subunits in transgenic mice produces a condition resembling ALS. The transgenic model may offer an interesting perspective not only for testing therapeutic strategies but also for investigating in a systematic way the various genetic and environment factors controlling the onset and progression of the disease and might yield new insights on the etiology of ALS. 相似文献