我国三次强化免疫日活动实施情况综合分析与评述国家脊髓灰质炎流行病学监测中心

我国分别在１９９３～ｌ９９６年冬春季，连续开展了３次６轮全国强化免疫日（ＮＩＤｓ）活动，有效地控制了零剂次免疫儿童的持续累积，显著提高了免疫覆盖率，及时阻断了脊髓灰质炎野病毒在我国的传播。目前，我国零剂次免疫儿童数迅速减少，其分布趋势集中于＜１岁儿童。在历次ＮＩＤｓ活动中，＜ｌ岁儿童均为主要的漏种人群，持续开展ＮＩＤｓ活动可不断提高漏种儿童的免疫机会，尤其可显著提高＜ｌ岁漏种儿童的免疫率。因此，今后重点加强和提高＜ｌ岁儿童的免疫接种率是提高人群免疫水平的最有效措施。     

2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗接种率评价

目的 分析2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童吸附无细胞百白破、灭活脊髓灰质炎和b型流感嗜血杆菌（结合）联合疫苗（DTaP -IPV/Hib五联疫苗,以下简称五联疫苗）接种率。方法 通过江苏省预防接种综合服务管理信息系统管理儿童建立2015—2021年出生队列,计算各年度出生队列五联疫苗接种率。结果 截至2021年底,江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列五联疫苗1～4剂累计分别接种47.39、44.19、40.27 和21.71万剂,累计接种率分别为7.65%、7.14%、6.50%和3.51%。苏南地区五联疫苗接种率高于其他地区,常住儿童接种率高于流动儿童,但地区间分布不平衡。结论 2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列五联疫苗接种率呈上升趋势,需通过健康宣教和扩大供应等方式进一步提升全程接种率。     

2019年江苏省肠道病毒71型疫苗接种率和疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的 分析2019年江苏省人二倍体和Vero细胞肠道病毒71型（EV71 - HD和EV71 - Vero）灭活疫苗接种率和疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）发生的流行病学特征。方法 通过全国AEFI信息系统收集2019年在江苏省接种EV71疫苗所引起的AEFI个案数据,通过江苏省预防接种综合服务管理信息系统收集受种者接种信息和接种剂次数,对数据进行描述性分析。结果 2019年江苏省共接种EV71疫苗634 879剂次,第一和第二剂次接种率分别为7.5%和6.5%;共报告EV71疫苗AEFI 344例,报告发生率54.2/10万剂,其中EV71 - HD和EV71 - Vero分别报告207例和137例AEFI,发生率分别为52.0/10万剂和57.9/10万剂。不良反应以一般反应为主,症状主要为发热、烦躁和疲倦乏力,异常反应症状主要为过敏性皮疹。不良反应男女性别比例均为1.5∶1。以6～23月龄儿童发生率较高。结论 两种 EV71 疫苗在常规接种中不良反应发生率较低,主要以一般反应为主,未有严重AEFI报告,且预后较好。     

Added value of the measles-rubella supplementary immunization activity in reaching unvaccinated and under-vaccinated children,a cross-sectional study in five Indian districts, 2018–20

IntroductionSupplementary immunization activities (SIAs) aim to interrupt measles transmission by reaching susceptible children, including children who have not received the recommended two routine doses of MCV before the SIA. However, both strategies may miss the same children if vaccine doses are highly correlated. How well SIAs reach children missed by routine immunization is a key metric in assessing the added value of SIAs.MethodsChildren aged 9 months to younger than 5 years were enrolled in cross-sectional household serosurveys conducted in five districts in India following the 2017–2019 measles-rubella (MR) SIA. History of measles containing vaccine (MCV) through routine services or SIA was obtained from documents and verbal recall. Receipt of a first or second MCV dose during the SIA was categorized as “added value” of the SIA in reaching un- and under-vaccinated children.ResultsA total of 1,675 children were enrolled in these post-SIA surveys. The percentage of children receiving a 1st or 2nd dose through the SIA ranged from 12.8% in Thiruvananthapuram District to 48.6% in Dibrugarh District. Although the number of zero-dose children prior to the SIA was small in most sites, the proportion reached by the SIA ranged from 45.8% in Thiruvananthapuram District to 94.9% in Dibrugarh District. Fewer than 7% of children remained measles zero-dose after the MR SIA (range: 1.1–6.4%) compared to up to 28% before the SIA (range: 7.3–28.1%).DiscussionWe demonstrated the MR SIA provided considerable added value in terms of measles vaccination coverage, although there was variability across districts due to differences in routine and SIA coverage, and which children were reached by the SIA. Metrics evaluating the added value of an SIA can help to inform the design of vaccination strategies to better reach zero-dose or undervaccinated children.     

Payers’ experiences with confidential pharmaceutical price discounts: A survey of public and statutory health systems in North America,Europe, and Australasia

Institutional payers for pharmaceuticals worldwide appear to be increasingly negotiating confidential discounts off of the official list price of pharmaceuticals purchased in the community setting. We conducted an anonymous survey about experiences with and attitudes toward confidential discounts on patented pharmaceuticals in a sample of high-income countries. Confidential price discounts are now common among the ten health systems that participated in our study, though some had only recently begun to use these pricing arrangements on a routine basis. Several health systems had used a wide variety of discounting schemes in the past two years. The most frequent discount received by participating health systems was between 20% and 29% of official list prices; however, six participants reported their health system received one or more discount over the past two years that was valued at 60% or more of the list prices. On average, participants reported that confidential discounts were more common, complex, and significant for specialty pharmaceuticals than for primary care pharmaceuticals. Participants had a more favorable view of the impact of confidential discount schemes on their health systems than on the global marketplace. Overall, the frequency, complexity, and scale of confidential discounts being routinely negotiated suggest that the list prices for medicines bear limited resemblance to what many institutional payers actually pay.     

Influenza vaccine coverage and predictors of vaccination among aged care workers in Sydney Australia

Aged care facilities (ACFs) are residential communities with a concentration of vulnerable individuals with increased risk of severe influenza infection and complications such as outbreaks, hospitalisations and deaths. Aged care workers (ACW) are potential sources of influenza introduction and transmission in ACFs. Little is known about vaccine uptake among ACW. This study aimed to measure the vaccine uptake rate among Australian ACW and evaluate the demographic determinants of uptake during the influenza season of 2018.146 ACWs were recruited from 7 facilities of a multisite aged care provider in Sydney. ACWs completed a questionnaire regarding their demographic, occupational and vaccination status. Vaccine coverage was calculated and variables were examined against their 2018 influenza vaccination status in statistical analysis.ACWs in our study were predominantly from a non-health occupational background with a large proportion of migrant workers (56%, 75/134). Vaccine coverage in 2018 was 48% (65/135). The strongest determinants of vaccine uptake were previous year vaccination history (Odds Ratio [OR] 10.49, 95% CI 3.33–33.10), workplace immunisation programs for employees (OR 7.87, 95% CI 2.47–25.10), casual work as employment status (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02–0.77), and presence of comorbidities (OR 4.04, 95% CI 1.23–13.32).ACW are a unique and understudied group who are critical to infection control in ACFs. Few ACWs have formal health training, and many are migrants who may lack access to subsidised health care and face out of pocket costs for vaccination. Vaccine coverage among ACW were below recommended levels. Provision of influenza vaccine for staff in workplaces is highly effective in raising vaccine coverage amongst ACWs. More research on the aged care sector workforce is needed in order to evaluate the determinants of vaccine uptake among Australian ACWs.     

陕西省新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及影响因素调查分析

目的　了解陕西省新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)接种现况和影响接种的因素。方法　于2 0 0 3年8～9月,采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法调查了全省82 2名适龄儿童。结果　全省HepB首针及时接种率、全程接种率、全程及时接种率分别为6 4 . 4 %、6 7 .6 %、6 1. 2 % ;不同经济水平地区儿童HepB首针及时接种率、全程及时接种率差异均有非常显著或显著的统计学意义;家中和医院出生儿童HepB首针及时接种率、全程接种率、全程及时接种率差异均有非常显著的统计学意义。HepB全程及时接种儿童家长乙肝相关知识知晓率高于未全程及时接种儿童家长;首针未及时接种的主要原因是不知道要接种占4 7 .86 % ;家长获得HepB接种信息的主要来源于医生占71 .4 %～96 .6 %。结论　提高住院分娩率和儿童家长乙肝相关知识知晓率,尤其是注重医务人员和儿童家长的人际交流均是提高HepB接种率的重要措施。     

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines--a European perspective

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and acute otitis media in children and adults worldwide. In the age group of < 2 years the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease ranges from approximately 14 cases per 100,000 in Germany and the Netherlands and more than 90 per 100,000 children in Spain. The vulnerability of children to S. pneumoniae can also be demonstrated by the high rate of sequelae (> 20% in Germany) and the high mortality (7.5%) in pneumococcal meningitis. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae is increasing in Europe, particularly in France, Spain, and Eastern European countries, whereas Germany and Northern Europe are only marginally affected. A 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) that was shown to be highly efficacious in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in infants in the USA was licensed in Europe in 2001. It is expected that broad usage of the vaccine would reduce the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and the levels of pneumococcal resistance significantly. Important questions have been raised regarding the effectiveness of this vaccine in high-risk populations, serotype replacement, the efficacy of this vaccine in otitis media, and the co-administration of the new vaccine with other standard childhood vaccines used in various European countries. France and Spain currently have the most-wide ranging guidelines recommending pneumococcal vaccination for children. Overall, the development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is a significant step in the control of pneumococcal disease in children in Europe. Further progress in pneumococcal vaccine development can be expected from conjugate vaccines including more than seven serotypes (9-valent, 11-valent).     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中目标剂量覆盖率的研究

目的：探索鼻咽癌调强放疗计划中目标剂量是否最大限度覆盖靶区，是否同时满足靶区和重要器官的处方剂量和目标耐受量要求。方法：随机选取70例鼻咽癌病人的PTV70、PTV65、PTV60和PTV504作为研究对象。用剂量体积直方图有关参数进行分析，来评价靶区剂量覆盖率、适形度和不均匀性指数等，并分析正常组织耐受量的余量问题。结果：在四个靶区中,大于85％以上的等剂量面覆盖PTV70和PTV60为100％。其中满足大于93％处方剂量的覆盖率分别为80％和84％；PTV60和PTV504覆盖率不理想,大于85％以上的等剂量面覆盖率为75％和50％。其中满足大于93％处方剂量的覆盖率只有44％和39％，所有靶区的最大剂量均小于110％的处方剂量。正常组织中脊髓、脑干、视交叉、视神经1％体积所受最大剂量均值为39Gy、51Gy、45Gy和42Gy。和目标耐受量相比还有22％、15％、25％和30％的余量；晶体、眼球余部体积所受平均剂量均值为2Gy和7Gy，和目标耐受量相比，还有50％和80％的余量。腮腺受量只有16％的病人健侧50％体积所受剂量小于26Gy以下,其余余部体积的平均剂量均值为36Gy。无加量余地。结论：本研究显示各正常器官除腮腺外还有15％-30％的余量，如果按鼻咽癌的剂量响应梯度19％即再增加靶区19％的处方剂量（GTV总量达83Gy），是可以用正常组织的耐受余量来完成的，那么将鼻咽癌的局部控制率再提高20％应是可行的。在同期整合椎量照射（simuhaneous integrated boost,SIB）技术中，PTV70和PTV66能得到确定的剂量。但是要注意PTV60和PTV504的低剂量区.