An overview on in situ micronization technique – An emerging novel concept in advanced drug delivery

The use of drug powders containing micronized drug particles has been increasing in several pharmaceutical dosage forms to overcome the dissolution and bioavailability problems. Most of the newly developed drugs are poorly water soluble which limits dissolution rate and bioavailability. The dissolution rate can be enhanced by micronization of the drug particles. The properties of the micronized drug substance such as particle size, size distribution, shape, surface properties, and agglomeration behaviour and powder flow are affected by the type of micronization technique used. Mechanical communition, spray drying and supercritical fluid (SCF) technology are the most commonly employed techniques for production of micronized drug particles but the characteristics of the resulting drug product cannot be controlled using these techniques. Hence, a newer technique called in situ micronization is developed in order to overcome the limitations associated with the other techniques. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on in situ micronization techniques. The properties of the resulting drug substance obtained by in situ micronization were also compared.     

国产X线机高故障率原因及对策探讨

目的:为扩大国产X线机临床应用范围,提高整机制造技术水平,降低设备故障率,减少维修次数,逐步建立国产X线机良好的品牌效应。方法:对某院国产X线机近3 a的故障、诊断及修复情况进行综合分析。结果:对产品的机电控制部分,首先注重防机械抖动,其次是选择适应环境温度变化的高稳定性电子器件;对软件系统要增强服务能力,强调完美服务理念。结论:提高管理水平是降低高故障率的唯一途径。     

Auditory Evoked Potentials and Audiological Foliow-Up of Subjects Developing Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shift

Three examinations, including cochlear microphonics (CM) to 99/s 1 -kHz tones and auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEP) to 10/s and 55/s clicks, as well as psychoacoustical tests, were performed on 31 normally hearing subjects, exposed to occupational noise for over a year. The results showed prolongation of the absolute latency of peaks I, III and V, without significant changes in interpeak latency differences (IPLD) or CM latency. The site affected by increasing stimulus rate, giving rise to increased IPLD, appears to be central rather than cochlear. The efficacy of increased stimulus rate in detecting noise-induced auditory changes was higher than that achieved applying the 10/s click rate.

Nous avons precédé à trois examens consecutifs sur 31 sujets audiométriquement normaux mais exposés au bruit depuis plus d'un an. Chaque examen comprend l'enregistrement du potentiel microphonique cochléaire (CM) et des reponses du tronc cerebral (ABEP) évoquées par des clics aux cadences de stimulation de 10/s et de 55/s. De měme, des tests psychoacoustiques ont été faits. Les résultats ont montré une prolongation des latences absolues des pics I, III et Vsans changement significatif dans les différences de latences inter-pics (IPLD) ou dans le CM. L'influence d'une augmentation de la cadence de stimulation paraiˇt d'origine centrale plutôt que cochléaire. On a observé que la cadence rapide était plus efficace pour détecter les changements auditifs causés par le bruit.     

Intra and intersubject variability in auditory steady-state response amplitude with high modulation rates to 1000 Hz amplitude modulated and tone pip stimuli

Abstract

Objective: This study set out to provide further information on how high modulation/stimulus rates affect the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) amplitude for a 1000-Hz tone, and how this effect varies between individuals. Both sinusoidal amplitude modulated tones and tone pip stimuli were investigated. Design: Modulation/stimulus rates were 70, 80, and 90 Hz and the peak to peak stimulus levels were matched for the two different types of stimuli, at 90.5 dBSPLppe. Study sample: The study was carried out on fourteen normally-hearing adults (9 males and 5 females) Results: Overall the ASSR amplitude to the two types of stimuli was similar. In general there was an increasing response amplitude between rates of 70 and 90 Hz; The relationship between the amplitude of the response and the modulation /stimulus rate varied considerably between subjects. Conclusions: Optimum stimulus rates based on group data may not give the best rate in a significant proportion of subjects. Currently tone pip ABR is the primary method used in assessing hearing in babies. Finding a way of avoiding suboptimal stimulus rates for ‘80-Hz’ ASSR in babies will improve the likelihood of ASSR being seen as an alternative.     

The Activity Support Scale for Multiple Groups (ACTS-MG): Child-reported Physical Activity Parenting in African American and Non-Hispanic White Families

This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a child-report, multidimensional measure of physical activity (PA) parenting, the Activity Support Scale for Multiple Groups (ACTS-MG), in African American and non-Hispanic white families. The ACTS-MG was administered to children aged 5 to 12 years. A three factor model of PA parenting (Modeling of PA, Logistic Support, and Restricting Access to Screen-based Activities) was tested separately for mother's and fathers' PA parenting. The proposed three-factor structure was supported in both racial groups for mothers’ PA parenting and in the African American sample for fathers’ PA parenting. Factorial invariance between racial groups was demonstrated for mother's PA parenting. Building on a previous study examining the ACTS-MG parent-report, this study supports the use of the ACTS-MG child-report for mothers’ PA parenting. However, further research is required to investigate the measurement of fathers’ PA parenting across racial groups.     

Reproducibility of Echocardiograph‐Derived Multilevel Left Ventricular Apical Twist Mechanics

Left ventricular (LV) twist mechanics are routinely assessed via echocardiography in clinical and research trials investigating the function of obliquely oriented myocardial fibers. However, echocardiograph‐derived measures of LV twist may be compromised by nonstandardized acquisition of the apical image. This study examined the reproducibility of echocardiograph‐derived parameters of apical twist mechanics at multiple levels of the apical myocardium. Two sets of 2D LV parasternal short‐axis images were obtained in 30 healthy subjects (24 men; 19–57 year) via echocardiography. Images were acquired immediately distal to the papillary muscles (apical image 1), immediately above the point of LV cavity obliteration at end systole (apical image 3), and midway between apical image 1 and apical image 3 (apical image 2). Repeat scans were performed within 1 hour, and twist mechanics (rotation and rotation rate) were calculated via frame‐by‐frame tracking of natural acoustic echocardiographic markers (speckle tracking). The magnitude of apical rotation increased progressively toward the apex (apical image 1: 4.2 ± 2.1°, apical image 2: 7.2 ± 3.9°, apical image 3: 11.8 ± 4.6°). apical images 1, 2, and 3 each had moderate to good correlations between repeat scans (ICC: 0.531–0.856). When apical images 1, 2, and 3 were averaged, rotation was 7.7 ± 2.7° and between‐scan correlation was excellent (ICC: 0.910). Similar results were observed for systolic and diastolic rotation rates. Averaging multiple standardized apical images, tending progressively toward the apex, generated the most reproducible rotation indices and may be optimal for the assessment of LV twist mechanics across therapeutic, interventional, and research studies; however, care should be taken given the influence of acquisition level on the magnitude of apical rotation.     

Continuous and online analysis of heart rate variability

Spectral analysis of heart rate variability provides a probe to assess the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability is useful for investigating autonomic nervous function in patients with syncope or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, or in anaesthesia, etc. In this paper, we developed an algorithm for continuous and online analysis of heart rate variability. The algorithm was simulated and evaluated in MATLAB, and implemented on the digital signal processor. The electrocardiogram signals from MIT/BIH arrhythmia database and one patient with syncope demonstrate the capability of the proposed method in the continuous and online analysis of heart rate variability.     

Neighborhood walkability,physical activity and changes in glycemic markers in people with type 2 diabetes: The Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort

Studies investigating neighborhood walkability and physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) mainly used self-report measures, and only few studies assessed the association with glycemic control. This study assessed the associations between objectively measured (i.e. GIS based) and subjectively measured (i.e. questionnaire-based) neighborhood walkability and changes in glycemic markers in people with T2D, and whether this association was mediated by device-measured physical activity (PA), in the Diabetes Care System Cohort (n = 1230). Neither objective or subjectively measured walkability was associated with glycemic control. In mediation analyses we observed no overall mediation by PA.