高性能战斗机改装体检飞行员的耳功能分析

目的 分析高性能战斗机改装体检飞行员的咽鼓管功能、前庭功能和听功能状况。方法 对改装体检的196名飞行员的耳功能资料进行分析。结果 ①声导抗示196例392耳中193例368耳为A型曲线，6例7耳为AD型曲线，15例17耳为C型曲线。196例392耳均无声反射衰减；②眼震电图示196例前庭功能均正常：③纯音测听以气导在500、1000、2000、3000Hz的平均听阈表示，196例的结果为左耳12．58dB HL；右耳12．48dB HL，但37例47耳有高频区噪声性听损伤的表现。结论 参与高性能战斗机改装体检的飞行员，其耳功能状况总体良好，但部分有噪声性听损伤的应随访观察。     

Isolated and combined effects of prolonged exposures to noise and whole-body vibration on hearing,vision and strain

Summary This study was carried out in order: (1) to examine the effects of isolated and combined prolonged exposures to noise and whole-body vibration on hearing, vision and subjectively experienced strain, and (2) to check the combined effects with repeated exposures. Six male subjects were exposed twice to noise (N) at 92 dBA, whole-body vibration (V) in the Z-axis at 4 Hz and 1.0 ms^–2 rms, and noise and vibration (NV) for 90 min with each condition. Temporary threshold shifts of hearing (TTS) and their integrals (ITTS) were measured at 4, 6, 10, and 12 kHz. Visual acuity was examined by means of a very sensitive test. Cross-modality matching (CMM) of the handgrip force was used to judge the subjectively experienced strain. NV induced a clear tendency of higher TTS and ITTS than N, with several significant differences most pronounced at 10 kHz. With repeated exposures, the effect of NV decreased, while the reactions to N and V remained unchanged. The individual reactions to NV differed. The influence of the duration of exposures on vision depended on the condition; N caused time-dependent changes, whereas V did not. CMM-data increased with the duration of the exposure during V and NV. N was generally judged to be more straining than V; NV caused higher strain than V during the first 30 min of exposure only. Correlations between different effects suggest certain links between them. Additionally, less motivation — daily obtained by a questionnaire — often correlated with higher ITTS during N and NV. The results also illustrate the combined effects on the individual susceptibility, repetition of exposure, the kind of response, and, possibly, the actual psychic state.Abbreviations CMM cross-modality matching - MVC maximum voluntary contraction force - N exposure condition: noise level 92dBA, no whole-body vibration - NV exposure condition: combined exposure to noise with a level of 92 dBA and wholebody vibration with 4 Hz, 1 ms^–2 rms - V exposure condition: whole-body vibration with 4 Hz, 1 ms^–2 rms - TTS temporary threshold shift - ITTS integral of temporary threshold shift - WBV whole-body vibration in the common sense This work was done in the Temporary International Research Team on Combined Effects of Noise and Vibration of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance of the Socialist Countries. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and assistance of L.-M. Brumm, Y. Bening, M. Godau, G. Weber, and R. Vizcaino.     

Taurine entry into perilymph of the guinea pig

Taurine is a β-aminosulfonic acid and is a ubiquitous amino acid whose role in the cochlea is not well established. In this study, its entry from blood into perilymph was investigated in the guinea pig as animal model. The penetration rate of [³H]taurine (molecular weight 125) into the perilymph of the scala vestibuli was measured 1 and 2 h after the intravenous infusion of [³H]taurine in nephrectomized animals. Results showed a rate of penetration in perilymph related to plasma at 36 ± 4.7% (n = 5) after 1 h and 43 ± 5.6% (n = 5) after 2 h. Compared to the penetration rate of urea (molecular weight 60) and mannitol (molecular weight 186) reported previously in rats, a passive entry of taurine into perilymph through the blood-perilymph barrier is suggested. Received: 30 July 1997 / Accepted: 15 January 1998     

汽车驾驶员注意力分配测试的研究

以ＢＤＸＬ－Ⅱ型注意力分配测试仪对某汽车队１７７名驾驶员和１３９名非驾驶员进行了注意力分配检查，并计算每人注意力分配量Ｑ值。结果表明，驾驶员组注意力分配及视、听觉反应速度有随年龄和驾车年数增长而下降的趋势，Ｑ值及视、听觉反应测试得分与对照组相比差异有显著性。     

DPOAE对系统性低血压患者的耳蜗功能监测及其临床意义

目的用畸变产物耳声发射(distortion-product otoacoustic emission,DPOAE)来观察系统性低血压和慢性进行性听力损伤的关系。方法实验组为34例体检中发现的系统性低血压患者(诊断标准:舒张压<60mmHg,收缩压<90mmHg),对照组由年龄、性别相匹配的30例正常人组成,两组在同一实验室中进行了生化、心血管、耳鼻咽喉专科和纯音测听、声阻抗、DPOAE等听力学检查。将两组的各项结果进行比较。结果实验组DPOAE听力图结果显示16例患者有一个以上频率轻到中度的听力损伤,主要在低频范围。与对照组相比,实验组的DPOAE幅值在一个以上的频率低下甚至缺失。结论系统性低血压有可能是导致耳蜗功能损伤的因子之一,而DPOAE可作为早期监测此类患者耳蜗功能损伤情况的有效工具。     

环丙沙星滴耳液对内耳影响的研究

豚鼠中耳（听泡）内滴入０．５％、１％、２％环丙沙星与庆大霉素滴耳液７天或２１天，借助光镜和扫描电镜观察内耳的显微和超微结构变化。结果证明环丙沙星对内耳没有明显的毒性作用。庆大霉素则使耳蜗明显受损，以底回为重，Ｃｏｒｔｉ’ｓ器外毛细胞坏死较多，内毛细胞及支持细胞病变较轻。位觉斑耳石脱落，毛细胞纤毛粘连、脱落。壶腹嵴中央区纤毛也缺失。本实验对客观评价环丙沙星对内耳的作用及临床使用提供了形态学资料。     

FFT-based digital tactile vocoder system for real-time use

A microprocessor-based real-time digital vibrotactile vocoder system has been developed to train the deaf and for artificial hearing research. The system is composed of a microcomputer module with a digital signal processor interface units and an attenuator/driver circuit. Live or digitised (stored or synthetic) speech is presented to the skin spectrally through a belt housing eight or 16 vibrators. Speech is processed in real time using a fast Fourier transform. The system is also capable of presenting any arbitrary spatiotemporal pattern on the skin for artificial hearing experiments. A preliminary experiment with a deaf subject indicates that the system is potentially an effective device for artificial hearing.     

The trajectory of the sympathetic nerve fibers to the rat cochlea as revealed by anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing

Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate was injected in the unilateral superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and the projection pathways of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers innervating the cochlea were traced in the rat. The labeled axons advanced along the internal carotid artery (ICA), and a few advanced caudally in the major petrosal nerve (MPN) and entered the facial nerve, while the majority ran rostral to the pterygopalatine ganglion at the point where they crossed the MPN in the carotid canal. The rest of the labeled fibers remained on the surface of the ICA and advanced to the cranial cavity. Most of the labeled fibers along the facial nerve joined the cochlear nerve and finally reached the osseous spiral lamina through the spiral ganglion. Some of the labeled fibers ran along the anterior inferior cerebellar artery from the basilar artery which was previously thought to have been the only pathway. We could not find any labeled fiber on the modiolar artery from anterior inferior cerebellar artery in the cochlea. These observations are consistent with our hypothesis that the sympathetic fibers innervating the neural tissues or related structures follow nerve fibers and meninges as matrices of projection pathways rather than arteries.     

First clinical experiences with an implantable bone conduction hearing aid at the University of Amsterdam

Summary A transcutaneous bone-conduction hearing aid was implanted in 11 patients who were not suitable for transcranial sound amplification. Audiological and surgical selection criteria were followed strictly. One device had to be explanted and minor revision surgery was needed in two cases for skin irritation and scarring. In general the aids were well tolerated but the amplification power of the external device proved to be insufficient in some patients, in whom bone conduction levels were on the borderline of the selection limits. Correspondence to: W.A. Dreschler