58例肝硬化自发性腹膜炎临床分析

目的探讨和分析肝硬化自发性腹膜炎临床的临床特点。方法采取回顾性分析方式,分析我院收治的58例肝硬化自发性腹膜炎患者的临床资料。结果分析患者的临床表现和致病菌,研究患者在未经过腹水检查情况下的患者临床表现和中性粒白细胞比例。结论肝硬化自发性腹膜炎患者的临床症状表现并不明显,因此医生要及时诊断和运用抗生素进行治疗,以免延误病情。     

以肠梗阻症状为首发表现的阑尾炎30例临床分析

目的探讨以肠梗阻症状为首发表现的阑尾炎临床特征,提高临床诊断率。方法选择30例以肠梗阻症状为首发表现的急性阑尾炎患者作为观察组,选取30例不伴肠梗阻症状首发表现的急性阑尾炎患者为对照组,分别比较2组的年龄及首发临床表现。结果 <8岁和>60岁年龄段,观察组例数明显高于对照组,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05);16~60岁年龄段,观察组例数明显低于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组发热、恶心呕吐、腹胀、肠鸣音消失及腹部气过水声患者例数明显高于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。结论以肠梗阻为首发表现的不典型阑尾炎术前常常不易确诊,应详细询问病史,细致全面的体格检查,有助于减少肠梗阻症状为首发表现阑尾炎的误诊。     

临床护理路径对腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除患者围手术期应激反应的影响

目的观察临床护理路径对腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除患者围手术期应激反应的影响。方法选择2011年6月～2013年6月于我科行腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术的120例患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组：给予常规护理;观察组采用临床护理路径,比较两组患者围手术期应激反应。结果对照组T1时HR、MAP、血糖和血浆NE、E、皮质醇较T0时均增高,T2时有所降低;观察组各指标变化趋势同对照组,但波动幅度明显减小,差异有显著意义（P〈0.05）。结论临床护理路径能够减轻腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除患者围手术期的应激反应,有利于患者安全平稳地度过手术期。     

Inequalities in enrollment of women and racial minorities in trials testing uric acid lowering drugs

AimsWe investigated sex and racial inequalities in clinical trials testing serum uric acid (SUA) lowering drugs and analyzed the temporal trends of participation among the pre-specified demographic groups.Data were collected from publications of clinical trials testing SUA-lowering drugs. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between drug approval year and proportion of women and minorities enrolled in clinical studies.Data synthesisThe mean percentage enrollment of women in clinical trials significantly decreased over the time (r = −0.43, P-value = 0.02). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in mean percentage enrollment of women among trials testing different SUA-lowering drugs, with the highest representation in rasburicase (71.1%) and the lowest representation of women in dotinurad (0.8%). Over the time, also the mean percentage enrollment of racial minorities decreased, passing from 8.7% to 2.2% in a 10-year period.Women were proportionally underrepresented compared with their share of the population with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, overall (participation-to-prevalence ratio (PPR) = 0.34), in trials testing xanthine oxiase inhibitors (PPR = 0.38) and uricosurics (PPR = 0.29), and in trials with febuxostat, allopurinol, pegloticase, halofenate/arhalofenate, verinurad, lesinurad and dotinurad. Women were proportionally underreppresented also compared with their share of the population with gout, overall (PPR = 0.69) and in trials testing XOIs (PPR = 0.69), uricosurics (PPR = 0.68), and all SUA-lowering drugs excepted for rasburicase, pegloticase and topiroxostat.ConclusionsOur analysis shows that women and racial and ethnical minorities are underrepresented in controlled clinical trials testing SUA-lowering drugs, with similar pattern across drug classes.     

宫腔镜检查在诊断异常子宫出血中的临床价值

目的:探讨宫腔镜检查在诊断异常子宫出血中的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析因异常子宫出血行宫腔镜检查,同时在宫腔镜下进行相应治疗和子宫内膜定位活检的287例患者资料。结果:287例异常子宫出血患者的宫腔镜诊断与病理组织学诊断总符合率为80.84%,其中子宫黏膜下肌瘤100.00%、子宫内膜息肉96.83%、子宫内膜增生68.42%、子宫内膜炎77.27%、萎缩性子宫内膜100.00%、子宫内膜癌100.00%。结论:宫腔镜能直接清晰地观察宫腔内及宫颈管的形态与结构,具有诊断性刮宫和超声检查不可比拟的优点,是诊断异常子宫出血的金标准。     

标准化病人对临床教学的意义

目的：利用标准化病人的教学模式，为实习生提供更好的案例学习机会，促进其进步。方法培训通过招募工作后广泛召集的患者，学生全程扮演医生的角色，模仿正规的临床医师完成对新患者的问诊与体检，作用于SP之上。结果利用标准化病人可以有效模拟出临床真实情况的正常人或病人，此种教学模式为实习生创造了许多临床实践机会，在提高实习生临床操作能力方面发挥着重要作用。结论标准化病人又称模拟病人，或者病人指导者，是在征求正常人或者慢性病人同意的基础上，将其划为模拟病人，经训练后，可以有效帮助学生进行临床学习或训练，进而提高学生的临床操作能力。     

正确理解“精准医学”在临床实践中的意义

2015年初在美国正式提出一个在研究基因序列的基础上,探索疾病的根源,预防和治疗的规划并被定名为Precision medicine,译称"精确医学"或"精准医学"。该定义在临床医生中引起了不同的意见和疑虑,因为这涉及到临床医学研究和实践中的导向问题。精准医学应该是对医学服务的一种要求,要求医学服务从行为和方法上达到精准,以基因序列和表达调控为基础的分子医学是狭义的精准医学,与临床医学所要求的精准相互关联又有所不同。临床工作者直接面对大多数病人,须要运用符合现代医学认可的各种各样的方法(包括基因系列的成果)解决病人的问题,而不管这种方法是否基于基因分析的结果。这种以循证医学为基础的临床医学属广义的精准医学。     

The Home Visit

The home visit has become a integral part of treatment programs for a large number of patients at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital. It is especially useful for elderly patients, who represent a considerable share of the caseload, and has proven to be most beneficial for those individuals who are returning home to live alone or be alone part of the day. At Spaulding the hyome visit is most often conducted by an occupational and physical therapist team who follow a specific evaluation protocol examining the patient's home environment vis-à-vis anticipated functional status at discharge. Recommendations and suggestions for both use patterns and possible structural changes follow. In order to both evaluate the process and the results of home visits a chart audit was conducted from which various ways have been discovered to improve the value of this treatment activity and thereby enhance a patient's quality of life after discharge.     

宫颈环型电切术治疗宫颈疾病的临床疗效观察

目的:研究探讨宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)治疗宫颈疾病的临床疗效。方法:收集该院2009年1月～2010年1月因宫颈疾病行LEEP术的患者66例(观察组),与同期68例因宫颈疾病行传统的宫颈锥切术患者(对照组)进行比较,比较两组患者手术时间、术中平均出血量、术后阴道出血情况、宫颈的恢复情况及宫颈狭窄情况等。结果:两组比较观察组患者手术时间、术中平均出血量、术后阴道出血均少于对照组(t=16.2,18.4,35.5,P<0.05)有明显统计学差异。观察组术后随访宫颈恢复情况示,1月内治愈率65%,2月内治愈率100%,对照组1月内治愈率60%,2月内治愈率95%,两组患者术后阴道分泌物约两周恢复干净,临床疗效两组无明显统计学差异。结论:宫颈环型电切术治疗宫颈疾病的临床疗效显著,且简便安全,临床上值得推广。     

Meta-analysis of clinical trials: a consumer's guide

Meta-analysis is a popular statistical tool allowing the synthesis of related research studies in a quantitative manner. Components of a good meta-analysis are first discussed, with a view toward critical reading of reports of meta-analyses. Examples include lipid-lowering drugs and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A role for meta-analysis in the design and monitoring of clinical trials was examined at a workshop held at the National Institutes of Health and aspects of these uses of meta-analyses are considered. Basic analytical and graphical methods of meta-analysis are briefly reviewed. The goal is to encourage more thoughtful evaluation of the many meta-analyses that are published or are presented.