Awareness of Single and Multiple Emotions in High-functioning Children with Autism

This study examined emotional awareness in children with autism. Twenty-two high functioning children with autism (mean age 10 years and 2 months) and 22 typically developing children, matched for age and gender, were presented with the four basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness and fear) in single and multiple emotion tasks. Findings suggest that children with autism have difficulties identifying their own emotions and less developed emotion concepts (which causes an impaired capacity to differentiate between one’s emotions within the negative spectrum). The outcome seems to point more to a single emotion perspective within the negative domain, with a more prominent position of fear in children with autism than in typically developing children.     

中医临床术语系统V2.0病证类概念选取及关系设定

重点介绍了中医临床术语系统V2.0的病证类概念选取和关系设定的方法,并在系统总的修订原则前提下,参照中医药领域相关标准、各版教材以及临床医案,探讨中医临床术语系统V2.0病证类概念的选取原则和具体方法,阐述了病证类概念定义分为描述性定义和逻辑性定义的优势,以及以病证类概念为主语发出的主要关系设定。     

On the difficulty of relational concepts among participants with Down syndrome

The aim of the study was to compare the difficulty of relational concepts among participants with and without intellectual disability. The French versions of the Boehm Tests of Basic Concepts Third Edition (Preschool and Kindergarten to 2nd grade) were administered to three groups of 47 participants individually matched on their total raw score on the tests. The first group comprised participants with intellectual disability of undifferentiated etiology, the second, participants with Down syndrome and the third, typical children. Item analyses using the transformed item difficulties method to detect differential item functioning across groups showed that the groups’ rank-orders of item difficulty were highly similar. It is concluded that, all things being equal, relational concepts are of comparable difficulty and follow a similar sequence of development whatever the cognitive and etiological status of participants. Methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Grounded Cognition,Linguistic Relativity,and Abstract Concepts

Kemmerer's paper convincingly claims that the grounded cognition model (GCM) entails linguistic relativity. Here, we underline that tackling linguistic relativity and cultural differences is vital for GCM. First, it allows GCM to focus more on flexible rather than stable aspects of cognition. Second, it highlights the centrality of linguistic experience for human cognition. While GCM-inspired research underscored the similarity between linguistic and nonlinguistic concepts, it is now paramount to understand when and how language(s) influence knowledge. To this aim, we argue that linguistic variation might be particularly relevant for more abstract concepts—which are more debatable and open to revisions.     

Mathematical concepts

Mathematics is the language of science, thus understanding mathematical concepts is a building block for understanding science, and so for understanding aspects of anaesthesia. The aim of this article is to discuss and hopefully demystify the principles of differentiation, exponentiation, integration, and logarithms; and to demonstrate how they apply to our practice as anaesthetists.     

The organization of the conceptual system: The case of the “object versus action” dimension

There are very numerous reports in the neuropsychological literature of patients showing, in naming and/or comprehension tasks, a disproportionate deficit for nouns in comparison with verbs or a disproportionate deficit for verbs in comparison with nouns. A number of authors advanced that, in at least some or even in every of these reported cases, the noun/verb dissociation in fact reflected an underlying conceptual deficit disproportionately affecting either object or action concepts. These patterns thus would put an additional constraint on theories of conceptual knowledge organization, which should be able to explain how brain damage could selectively disrupt the concepts of objects or the concepts of actions. We have reviewed 69 papers (published from 1984 to 2009) that reported a pattern of a noun or a verb disproportionate deficit in a single-case, multiple-case, or group study of brain-damaged patients with various aetiologies. From this review, we concluded that none of these studies provided compelling evidence in favour of the interpretation that the observed noun or verb disproportionate deficit arose at the conceptual processing level and, accordingly, that this level may be organized according to the “object/action” dimension. Furthermore, we argue that investigating conceptual impairments in brain-damaged patients according to the “object/action” dichotomy is not empirically fruitful if the purpose is to inform theories of conceptual knowledge organization. In order to provide evidence relevant to these theories, one needs to consider finer grained distinctions within both the object and the action category when investigating the scope of the patients' conceptual impairment.     

原发性肝癌综合治疗的某些观念转变

Since 1990‘s,comprehensive therapy predominated by surgery has become the maintrend in the treatment of primary liver cancer(PLC).W elucidate concepts converse of operative indication,operative mode,postoperative anti-recurrence,approach of comprechensive treatment and theraeutic model in PLC.These new concepts have gradually involoved in clinical diagnosis and treatment,which promotes the advance in hepatic surgery.     

The woven fabric - a metaphor of nursing care: the major subject in nursing education

The woven fabric – a metaphor of nursing care: the major subject in nursing education Society's future needs regarding health care present challenges to traditional nursing education. Today, the ambition is to create a nursing role that is appropriate to people's health care needs rather than the needs of the health care system. In nursing education, the major subject – nursing care – is central. Accordingly, there is a need for a consistent and clear articulation of this subject as well as the nursing profession. The aim of the present study was to interpret and describe the major subject, its content and structure in the nursing programme at Mälardalen University. With a hermeneutic approach an interpretation and application emerged as a metaphor of nursing care – the woven fabric. In this structure concepts function as bridges linking theory and practice, whereby it is possible to integrate different aspects of knowledge in order to think, feel and act nursing care.     

Current concepts in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma

This paper focuses on how patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are assessed and managed once they have been referred for specialist care. Current and future treatment options are presented and basic management principles are discussed. It is our hope that this will enable the general dental practitioner to gain insight into the process and reasoning behind the multidisciplinary treatment of these complex cases.