中美中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑认知研究

目的：比较中国和美国的中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑的认知情况。方法：采用“失败结果预期（FOE）”问卷中的由父母原因引起的考试焦虑12项，测量中美两国公立学校14、15岁的1215名中学生对考试焦虑原因的认知。结果：1．相似认知：两国学生在由父母原因引起的考试焦虑方面有类似的认知，包括父母会担心自己能否进入高一级学校、会让父母烦恼等。2．跨文化的差异：表现为中国学生更多是因为父母责备、辜负了父母期望或会让父母生气而导致考试焦虑；而美国学生更多是由于父母认为他们不能面对生活中的挑战而产生焦虑。3．性别差异：表现在美国的女中学生在7个项目上、中国的男中学生在2个项目上分别比本国异性有更大程度的焦虑（P〈0．05）。结论：中美中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑方面有类似的认知，但存在文化差异和性别差异。     

Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos in sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos (PoCo) on experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation model. METHODS: The anti-irritative effect of PoCo was evaluated with a visual score and quantified by non-invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and transepidermal water loss. Three concentrations of PoCo in base cream DAC (amphiphilic emollient; German pharmacopoeia) were tested in a 4-day repetitive irritation test using SLS. RESULTS: A statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed for PoCo by all three methods when applied in parallel to the induction period of ICD. Application of PoCo after induction of ICD once a day for 5 days, starting just at the end of 4 days, was without any effect. CONCLUSION: An anti-inflammatory efficacy of PoCo on the elicitation phase of the ICD induced by repeated SLS test could be observed and quantified by three independent, non-invasive biophysical assessment parameters. This effect can be explained by its influence on pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely phospholipase A2.     

Neuropsychological test for the detection of dementia in elderly individuals: the Nishimura Dementia Test

Background: Progression of the core and accessory symptoms of dementia can be slowed if drug therapies and psychosocial interventions are administered at an early stage. The aim of this study was to develop and standardize a neuropsychological test for the elderly that can detect dementia at an early stage with high sensitivity and can evaluate a wide range of severities of dementia based on assessments of various cognitive functions. Methods: A preliminary test consisting of 23 items and the Nishimura Mental State Scale for the Elderly (NM Scale), which evaluates the mental functions of elderly individuals by observing their actual behaviors in daily life, were administered to 448 elderly subjects. After applying Hayashi’s quantification theory type I to the results, we revised the preliminary test to construct a neuropsychological test for the elderly, which we named the Nishimura Dementia Test (ND Test), and standardized it. Then, we examined its validity and test–retest reliability. Results: Among the 448 subjects, there was a strong correlation between the ND Test scores and NM Scale scores. The ND Test showed a good general agreement rate for the discrimination of the severity of dementia, and good sensitivity and specificity of discrimination of dementia when compared with the actual NM Scale. Using different groups of elderly subjects, the ND Test showed validity and test–retest reliability, and the ND Test scores showed strong correlations with the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale scores and the Mini‐Mental State Examination scores. Conclusions: The ND Test is based on assessment of a variety of cognitive functions and can evaluate a wide range of severities of dementia with good validity and reliability.     

HIV抗体快速检测试剂的临床评估

目的:通过对HIV抗体快速检测试剂的临床评估,为HIV检测试剂的临床应用提供参考.方法:对快速试剂的使用性能进行比较,并采用美国输血协会(AABB)血清盘、临床样品血清盘、特性血清盘(阳性样品盘)、稀释系列血清盘评估快速试剂的敏感性和特异性.结果:三种快速试剂在检测AABB血清盘时,敏感性分别是86.4%、86.4%、100%,特异性皆为100%;三种快速试剂在检测临床样品血清盘时,敏感性分别是88.6%、91.4%、97.1%,特异性皆为100%.快速试剂具有很高的阳性预期值,对于低危人群(感染率很低人群)也具有很高的阴性预期值.快速试剂检测弱阳性的样品(酶联试剂s/co比值小于6～8的样品)存在漏检.快速试剂与ELISA参考试剂在分析灵敏度方面相差3个以上倍比稀释度.结论:快速试剂具有较好的使用特性,非常适用于样本量较少的实验室及对低危人群的HIV筛查,在对高危人群筛查时,可能有弱阳性样品漏检,同时快速试剂在分析灵敏度方面有待提高.     

儿童呼吸道苛养菌分离培养及药敏分析

目的：分析儿童呼吸道苛养菌的感染率及常用抗生素的耐药状况。方法：采用儿童呼吸道2050份咽拭子及痰标本进行苛养菌分离培养与鉴定，并对其中617株苛养菌做了药敏试验，结果：显示275株肺炎链球菌，耐药率较高的有红霉素81.1%，苯唑西林76.9%，复方磺胺甲恶唑76.9%，四环素65.4%；104株流感嗜血杆菌、184株副流感嗜血杆菌、54株卡他莫拉菌对氨苄西林耐药率分别为17.6%,28.9%,64.9%，对亚胺培南/西司他丁耐药率分别为16.4%，16.5%，0，同时复方磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率也分别高达56.7%，56.7%，64.9%。结论：提示苛养菌在儿童呼吸道感染中占有重要的地位，及时掌握这类细菌的耐药动态，对合理使用抗生素，延缓耐药株的产生有极其重要的临床意义。     

21 d-6°头低位卧床期间运动训练对动态姿态平衡的影响

目的探讨21 d-6°头低位卧床和卧床运动训练对动态姿态平衡和控制功能的影响. 方法 10名健康男性青年被试者分为卧床对照组和卧床训练组,每组5人,卧床期间训练组每天进行2次、每次30 min逐级增加负荷的头低位功率自行车训练;分别于卧床前和卧床后21 d进行了动态姿态平衡和双膝等速肌力的测试. 结果与卧床前相比,对照组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显降低,双膝相对峰力矩明显降低,同时伴有腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值的明显增加;训练组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显高于对照组,而腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值无明显改变. 结论 21 d-6°头低位卧床运动训练能够明显改善卧床后动态姿态平衡及其动态运动适应功能.     

视场角设置对虚拟环境中目标判断的影响

目的探讨不同视场角参数对虚拟环境中目标判断的影响规律 ,找出最佳视场角参数。方法利用自行研制基于PC平台的虚拟现实 (VR)实验系统 ,选定 45名年龄在 2 3～ 5 8岁被试者并完成大小与角度判断的实验设计。首先进行 30 0人次的预实验 ,确定引起虚拟环境中目标判断差错的视场角及相应观察任务的差别等级 ,然后开始单因素、4水平的完全随机正式实验。结果方差分析表明 ,不同的虚拟环境视场角对目标判断的真实性有显著性影响 ,当视场角为 60°时 ,目标判断的正确率最大。结论利用VR技术进行载人航天器工效设计、操作训练或其它任务的研究时 ,应考虑视场角的作用 ,适合目标大小判断的视场角参数值宜取 60°,以便获得最大的工效     

高性能战斗机改装体检飞行员的耳功能分析

目的 分析高性能战斗机改装体检飞行员的咽鼓管功能、前庭功能和听功能状况。方法 对改装体检的196名飞行员的耳功能资料进行分析。结果 ①声导抗示196例392耳中193例368耳为A型曲线，6例7耳为AD型曲线，15例17耳为C型曲线。196例392耳均无声反射衰减；②眼震电图示196例前庭功能均正常：③纯音测听以气导在500、1000、2000、3000Hz的平均听阈表示，196例的结果为左耳12．58dB HL；右耳12．48dB HL，但37例47耳有高频区噪声性听损伤的表现。结论 参与高性能战斗机改装体检的飞行员，其耳功能状况总体良好，但部分有噪声性听损伤的应随访观察。     

脉冲振荡技术在儿童支气管舒张试验中的应用

目的：探讨脉冲振荡方法(IOS)在儿童支气管舒张试验中的应用及其与常规肺量计法结果的相关关系。方法：发作期的哮喘患儿同时应用两种方法做吸入支气管扩张剂前后肺功能测定，以FEV1改善≥15％判断为阳性，应用统计学处理对两种方法各指标作相关性分析。结果：IOS各指标舒张后改善明显，△Zrs、△R5与金标准△FEV1密切相关，经多元回归得出方程△FEV1=-1．527△Zrs 0．883△R5。结论：IOS法可以作为不能配合用力呼气动作的儿童行支气管舒张试验。