人类禽流行性感冒疫苗的研究展望

通过回顾人类禽流行性感冒(流感)疫苗的研究进展,展望疫苗的使用前景,探讨可能存在的问题。综述人类禽流感疫苗的研究现状,提出:基因工程疫苗是人类禽流感疫苗的发展方向,但在疫苗从实验室走向使用的过程中仍存在一些问题。为安全、有效、快速应对下一次疫情,应全面评估疫苗安全性,正确面对成本-效益问题,从法律、人力、物力、资金和技术层面支持疫苗研究、生产,提高疫苗生产力,正确评价疫苗的适用人群。     

伤寒Vi多糖菌苗免疫后长期效果观察

目的研究伤寒Vi多糖菌苗免疫后长期效果。方法现场实验流行病学。结果接种后伤寒Vi多糖菌苗1~3年的有一定的保护作用,且在这3年中保护效果无差别。结论接种伤寒Vi多糖菌苗是今后预防伤寒的重要措施之一,但不必要每年均接种。     

幽门螺杆菌阳性十二指肠球部溃疡患者红细胞免疫功能的变化

目的:探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)阳性十二指肠球部溃疡患者红细胞免疫功能的变化。方法:47例Hp阳性十二指肠球部溃疡和32例健康体检者入选,前者以标准方案治疗7d,后者不予处理作为对照。治疗前后分别以流式细胞仪测定其血液红细胞上CR1的数量,以免疫粘附酵母菌花环法测定其活性。结果:与正常人相比,Hp阳性十二指球部溃疡红细胞C3b受体花环率、红细胞CR1数量降低(P<0.01),红细胞免疫复合物花环率增高(P<0.01)。结论:Hp的感染可能是导致十二指肠球部溃疡患者红细胞免疫功能低下的原因。     

不同剂量竹荪托盖液对大鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究竹荪托盖液不同剂量对大鼠免疫功能的增免作用。方法:雄性健康大鼠(SD鼠)60只,以60Co-λ线300CGy(55CGy/min6'6)一次性全身照射,造成大鼠辐射损伤。实验大鼠分为大、中、小剂量组和空白对照组。照射后第二天开始灌喂,30天后断颈处死实验大鼠,采血测免疫指标,解剖取胸腺、脾脏作指数测定。结果:用竹荪托盖液各组胸腺、脾脏明显增大,但组间比较P<0.05,与空白组比较P<0.01。免疫球蛋白IgG组间比较无差异。IgA、IgM组间有较大差异(P<0.05、P<0.01);IL-2组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);NK细胞组间比较差异明显(P<0.01)。结论:竹荪托盖液能明显增加辐射损伤大鼠胸腺、脾脏指数,与药物剂量存在明显量效关系。在不同剂量的药物组中,IL-2、NK细胞增免作用共同增强,与药物剂量呈相关关系。     

枳术汤对脾虚便秘小鼠结肠肥大细胞与胃肠激素的影响

目的观察枳术汤对脾虚便秘小鼠结肠粘膜肥大细胞(MC)的影响及其与P物质(SP)、生长抑素(SS)免疫反应阳性的相关性,探讨该方治疗脾虚便秘的可能作用机制.方法采用饥饱失常和过度疲劳配合燥结便秘的方法复制小鼠脾虚便秘模型,甲苯胺蓝改良法及LSAB免疫组织化学标记法进行MC和SP、SS的检测,用IMS型彩色图像系统和免疫组化分析软件进行分析.结果脾虚便秘模型小鼠结肠粘膜肥大细胞密度明显降低;其MC密度与结肠粘膜SP免疫反应阳性强度均值(r=0.6508,P＜0.01)、面积(r=0.684,P＜0.01)呈正相关;而与SS免疫反应阳性强度均值(r=-0.7568,P＜0.01)、面积(r=-0.683,P＜0.01)呈负相关.大、中剂量的枳术汤能使脾虚便秘小鼠结肠粘膜MC密度增加,并一定程度上使SP免疫反应阳性增强,SS的免疫反应阳性减弱.结论调节肠壁粘膜SP、SS免疫反应阳性强度,影响MC释放5-HT、组胺从而调整胃肠运动功能,这可能是枳术汤治疗脾虚便秘的机制之一.     

三氯乙烯染毒小鼠免疫功能变化研究

目的观察三氯乙烯对NIH小鼠染毒后免疫功能的变化.方法给予NIH小鼠皮下三氯乙烯染毒后研究胸腺、脾、肝脏等脏器系数变化情况、进行足跖肿胀实验、脾细胞转化实验等.结果三氯乙烯染毒小鼠胸腺、脾脏器系数未见明显变化.24h、48h时小鼠足跖肿胀系数明显高于溶剂对照组.80 mg/L三氯乙烯可抑制溶剂对照组脾淋巴细胞的增殖,但可促进三氟乙烯染毒组脾淋巴细胞增殖.结论三氯乙烯可能诱导NIH小鼠产生迟发性变态反应.     

Cytosolic nucleic acid sensors and innate immune regulation

During viral and bacterial infections, pathogen-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by the intracellular RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma-differentiated gene 5 and intracellular DNA sensors, including cyclic-di-GMP-AMP synthase, absent in melanoma 2, interferon (IFN)–gamma inducible protein 16, polymerase III, and so on. Binding of intracellular nucleic acids to these sensors activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce appropriate systematic immune responses. While these sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids and activate immune responses, they can discriminate between self- and non-self-nucleic acids. However, dysfunction of these sensors or failure of regulatory mechanisms causes aberrant activation of immune response and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we focus on how intracellular immune sensors recognize exogenous nucleic acids and activate the innate immune system, and furthermore, how autoimmune diseases result from dysfunction of these sensors.     

Vaccines against gonorrhea: Current status and future challenges

Gonorrhea occurs at high incidence throughout the world and significantly impacts reproductive health and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus. Current control measures are inadequate and seriously threatened by the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance. Progress on gonorrhea vaccines has been slow; however, recent advances justify significant effort in this area. Conserved vaccine antigens have been identified that elicit bactericidal antibodies and, or play key roles in pathogenesis that could be targeted by a vaccine-induced response. A murine genital tract infection model is available for systematic testing of antigens, immunization routes and adjuvants, and transgenic mice exist to relieve some host restrictions. Furthermore, mechanisms by which Neisseria gonorrhoeae avoids inducing a protective adaptive response are being elucidated using human cells and the mouse model. Induction of a Th1 response in mice clears infection and induces a memory response, which suggests Th1-inducing adjuvants may be key in vaccine-induced protection. Continued research in this area should include human testing and clinical studies to confirm or negate findings from experimental systems and to define protective host factors.     

TRIB1的研究进展

TRIB1属于人类TRIB家族，是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen·activatedproteinkinase，MAPK）途径级联控制的调节蛋白，在多种组织中表达，与骨髓恶性肿瘤、卵巢癌、动脉粥样硬化及组织移植密切相关。此文就TRIB1的起源、家族、结构、功能、参与的信号途径及相关疾病作一综述。