The Correlation Between Cytokine Production by Cerebral Cortical Glial Cells and Brain Lateralization in Mice

Objectives. This study aims to explore the relationship among the levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) produced by cortical glial cells, and identify any correlation between neuromodulation and brain lateralization. Material and Methods. Cortical glial cells from Balb/c neonatal mice were cultured in vitro and the effects of treating or not treating these cells from both hemispheres with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 µg/mL) for 24 hours were tested. The levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in left and right cortical glial cell cultures and the time course of any changes were compared. Rusults. The production of IL‐1β and TNF‐α had no significant difference between right and left cortex in the untreated group within 24 hours. IL‐6 was significantly higher in the right than the left cortical glial cells. In the LPS‐treated group, increased levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 were found, particularly for IL‐6, and all were significantly increased in cortical glia cells from the right side. The time course shows that the expression of IL‐1β in right cortex and IL‐6 in both sides is time‐dependent (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Lipopolysaccharide increases cytokine production in both cerebral cortices, three cytokines have different expression time course within 72 hours, but only IL‐1β in right cortex and IL‐6 releasing is time‐dependent, and more so on the right side than the left in 24 hours. We proposed the increased immunosuppressive activity of right cortex was due to the higher expression of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 in the right cortical glial cells, whereas there would be more immunoenhancement activity of the left cortex due to the lower levels of these three kinds of cytokines, this being a less pronounced effect than that on the right side. One of the reasons for the brain lateralization may be the different production of cytokines by the cortical glial cells on either side.     

脑猪囊尾蚴病临床及病理学特点

目的 探讨脑猪囊尾蚴病的临床及病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析13例脑猪囊尾蚴病患者的临床资料,并结合文献对其影像学、病理学进行分析.结果 本组13例患者中,11例以癫痫发作为主要症状;6例病理学检查均发现囊尾蚴虫体;9例病灶周围脑组织可见炎症反应;在病灶及其周围的脑组织中可见散在的石灰小体.头部CT检查表现为片状或点状低密度影,病灶区MRI表现为囊性异常信号.结论 脑猪囊尾蚴病首发症状以癫痫发作多见;影像学检查对脑猪囊尾蚴病诊断有帮助,但最后确诊需病理学检查;病理学检查除找到囊尾蚴虫体外,脑组织中发现散在的石灰小体是诊断陈旧性病变的重要依据.     

Papillary tumor of the pineal region: Case report and review of the literature

Papillary tumor of the pineal region is a rare neuroepithelial tumor characterized by papillary architecture and epithelial cytology, immunopositivity for cytokeratin and ependymal differentiation. It is considered grade II–III by the World Health Organization and was first described by Jouvet in 2003. We present a 34-year-old male with headaches, blurred vision and normal examination. Radiological study showed a nodulocystic lesion in the pineal region compatible with pineocytoma. Surgery was performed using an infratentorial supracerebellar approach, finding a cystic tumor in the quadrigeminal cistern which was completely resected. Histopathology reported a papillary tumor of the pineal region. The patient made good progress without adjuvant therapy, and after 57 months of follow-up he remained asymptomatic and free of recurrence. A review of the literature was performed to collect all the cases published with gross total resection and no complementary treatment. In conclusion, there is still much to be learned about the pathogenesis, prognosis and management of this tumor.     

糖耐量异常的急性前循环脑梗死患者左室舒张功能的改变及其对预后的影响

目的探讨急性前循环脑梗死合并糖耐量异常患者的左室舒张功能的改变及其对卒中预后的影响。方法急性脑梗死患者106例,均于脑梗死2周后行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerancetest,OGTT)。按OGTT结果分为糖耐量正常组(normal glucose tolerance,NGT)33例、糖耐量异常组(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT),35例和糖尿病组(diabetes mellitus,DM)38例。于入院后次日早晨空腹查糖化血红蛋白、心肌酶谱、血脂、肝功、肾功等生化指标。发病两周后行心脏超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、E峰、A峰等心功能指标。于发病90 d进行改良的Rankin评分(modified gankin Scale,mRS)作为评估预后的指标。结果 (1)E/A1在NGT、IGT和DM组所占的比率分别是63.6%、85.7%、84.2%。IGT及DM组E/A1的比率与NGT组比较有统计学意义(χ~2=4.42,P=0.036;χ~2=3.95,P=0.047)。(2)卒中后90 d mRS与E/A (r=-0.452,P=0.000)、每博输出量(stroke volume,SV)(r=-0.228,P=0.020)、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejectmn franction,LVEF)(r=-0.328,P=0.001)、左室短轴缩短率(franctional shorting,Fs)(r=-0.301,P=0.002)、E峰(r=-0.321,P=0.001)呈负相关。结论急性脑梗死患者左室舒张功能的异常与血糖水平密切相关,伴有IGT的急性脑梗死患者出现了左室舒张功能的下降,左室舒张功能的下降影响了伴IGT的急性脑梗无患者的预后。     

颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型及治疗

目的 探讨颅脑外伤患者开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的分型及综合治疗.方法 回顾我院自2008年5月至2010年5月的545例脑外伤开颅患者,对其术中发生脑膨出的132例患者分五型,对侧硬膜外血肿型(Ⅰ型);窦汇区硬膜外血肿型(Ⅱ型);对侧额颞部硬膜下血肿、脑挫裂伤型(Ⅲ型);大面积脑梗死型(Ⅳ型);弥漫性脑肿胀型(Ⅴ型).分析各型临床特点,采用综合治疗措施.结果 根据伤后6个月GOS预后评分判断患者预后,Ⅰ型:GOS 1分14例,GOS 2、3分2例,GOS 4、5分12例;Ⅱ型:GOS 1分7例,GOS 2、3分3例,GOS 4、5分2例;Ⅲ型:GOS 1分14例,GOS 2、3分4例,GOS 4、5分2例;Ⅳ型:GOS 1分18例,GOS 2、3分4例,GOS 4、5分3例;Ⅴ型:GOS 1分44例,GOS 2、3分3例,GOS 4、5分0例.经过Ridit分析,认为五型之间的预后差异有高度的统计学意义( Hc=38.53,P＜0.01).结论 颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型能反映临床特点及预后,对临床治疗有指导意义,并可提高早期预后判断的准确性和可靠性.     

帕金森病与多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位的比较研究

目的探讨帕金森病和多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位所显示的自主神经功能障碍的差异性,以为二者鉴别诊断提供临床依据。方法采用MEB-9200K型肌电诱发电位仪分别对受试者进行交感神经皮肤反应电位检测,以波形潜伏期〉x＋2．50）s、波幅低于均值的50％或未引出波形作为异常标准,分析帕金森病与多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常特征和病程等之间的相关性。结果与正常对照组受试者相比,帕金森病组和多系统萎缩组患者交感神经皮肤反应电位检测显示四肢潜伏期延长、波幅降低（P〈0．05）,但帕金森病组与多系统萎缩组之间差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;其中多系统萎缩组交感神经皮肤反应电位总异常率（P=0．018）和双侧异常率（P=0．035）均高于帕金森病组。帕金森病组病程≤3年者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常率与病程〉3年者比较,差异具有统计学意义（P=0．033）;多系统萎缩组病程≤3年患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常率与病程〉3年者比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0．285）。结论多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常出现早,且多呈双侧改变,表明其自主神经功能障碍更严重、更广泛。     

Ultrastructural and biochemical findings in brain cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus

Summary To study the pathomechanism of demyelination in canine distemper (CD), dog brain cell cultures were infected with virulent A75/17-CD virus (CDV) and examined ultrastructurally. Special attention was paid to the oligodendrocytes, which were specifically immunolabelled. In addition, cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), an enzyme specific for oligodendrocyte activity was assayed during the course of the infection. Infection and maturation as well as CDV-induced changes were found in astrocytes and brain macrophages. Infection of oligodendrocytes was rarely seen, although CST activity of the culture markedly decreased and vacuolar degeneration of these cells occurred, resulting in their complete disappearance. We concluded that the degeneration of oligodendrocytes and demyelination is not due to direct virus-oligodendrocyte interaction, but due to CDV-induced events in other glial cells.Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant nos. 3.956.87 (M. V.) and 3.156.88 (N. H.), the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society (M. V.) and the Swiss Foundation of Encouragement of Research in Mental Retardation (N. H.)     

术中超声定位在颅脑手术中的应用

目的： 探讨术中超声在颅脑手术中的应用价值。方法： 用超声影像对一些位于脑重要功能区, 脑表面无明显间接征象的深部小病变定位检查。结果： 本组术中超声定位检查３２ 例, 超声显示深部病变的大小、部位、性质与术前ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ相吻合, 根据超声提示都能精确探及病变。结论： 术中超声定位检查简单、有效、安全, 有助于提高颅脑手术操作的精确性, 术中超声定位有临床应用价值。     

弥散加权成像对短暂性脑缺血发作患者临床转归的诊断价值

目的 研究TIA患者DWI阳性病灶的意义,对发病后首次DWI检查阳性的TIA患者复查MRI或CT,比较病灶恢复与未恢复患者DWI阳性病灶的表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、相对表观弥散系数(relative apparent diffusion coefficient,rADC),作为鉴别TIA和脑梗死的依据.方法 选择2009年8月到2011年6月包头市中心医院神经内科住院的TIA患者57例,发病24h内行MRI检查,根据检查结果将患者分为DWI阳性组和DWI阴性组;对于DWI阳性患者,7d内复查MRI或CT,将其分为TIA组和脑梗死组,分别比较两组的发病特点及DWI表现,并测量ADC值、rADC值,分析其意义.结果 TIA组ADC值(630.4 ±25.9)×10-3 mm2/s,脑梗死组ADC值(495.2±60.O)×10-3 mm2/s(t=6.669,P=0.000),TIA组rADC值82.1％±5.6％,脑梗死组rADC值62.6％±7.4％(t=7.013,P=0.000),两组间比较差异有统计学意义.结论 TIA组患者DWI病灶ADC值适度下降,而脑梗死组ADC值明显下降,发病早期可以通过比较ADC、rADC值鉴别TIA和脑梗死.     

Automated classification of neonatal sleep states using EEG

Objective

To develop a method for automated neonatal sleep state classification based on EEG that can be applied over a wide range of age.