综合康复护理对颅脑损伤患者神经恢复及生活质量影响的研究

目的：探讨综合康复护理对颅脑损伤患者神经恢复及生活质量的影响。方法选取2011年10月~2013年10月来我院治疗的443例颅脑损伤患者,按照入院的先后顺序分为两组,观察组222例,对照组221例,对照组实施常规康复功能锻炼,观察组实施综合康复护理,即在常规康复功能锻炼的基础上实施促醒护理。比较两组患者清醒时间、并发症发生率、NDF评分、生活质量评分。结果观察组清醒时间、并发症发生率、出院时观察组的NDF评分与对照组比较明显较低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组干预后生活质量量表的躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能及物质生活状态评分与对照组比较均显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论颅脑损伤患者实施常规康复功能锻炼及促醒护理在内的综合康复护理能降低并发症的发生率,缩短清醒时间,降低NDF评分,提高患者生活质量,临床效果显著。     

护理干预解决便秘对颅脑手术后并发脑水肿的影响

目的：分析护理干预解决便秘对颅脑手术后并发脑水肿的影响。方法选取我院2008年3月～2012年3月期间收治的100例行颅脑手术的患者,按住院序号分为A、B两组。给予A组患者常规护理解决便秘措施,给予B组患者护理干预解决便秘措施,比较两组患者临床护理效果。结果 A组患者肺部感染发生率为12.0%,水电解质紊乱发生率为10.0%,脑水肿发生率为10.0%;B组患者肺部感染发生率为2.0%,水电解质紊乱发生率为2.0%,脑水肿发生率为0。两组比较,B组患者肺部感染、水电解质紊乱以及脑水肿等并发症发生率最低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 A组患者及家属对临床护理工作的满意率为52.0%,B组患者及家属对临床护理工作的满意率为88.0%,两组比较,B组患者满意度更高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论护理干预可有效降低行颅脑手术患者脑水肿等并发症发生率。     

Decreased white matter integrity in fronto-occipital fasciculus bundles: Relation to visual information processing in alcohol-dependent subjects

Chronic alcohol abuse is characterized by impaired cognitive abilities with a more severe deficit in visual than in verbal functions. Neuropathologically, it is associated with widespread brain structural compromise marked by gray matter shrinkage, ventricular enlargement, and white matter degradation. The present study sought to increase current understanding of the impairment of visual processing abilities in alcohol-dependent subjects, and its correlation with white matter microstructural alterations, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). To that end, a DTI study was carried out on 35 alcohol-dependent subjects and 30 healthy male control subjects. Neuropsychological tests were assessed for visual processing skills and deficits were reported as raw dysfunction scores (rDyS). Reduced FA (fractional anisotropy) and increased MD (mean diffusivity) were observed bilaterally in inferior and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF) fiber bundles. A significant inverse correlation in rDyS and FA values was observed in these fiber tracts whereas a positive correlation of these scores was found with the MD values. Our results suggest that FOF fiber bundles linking the frontal lobe to occipital lobe might be related to visual processing skills. This is the first report of an alteration of the white matter microstructure of FOF fiber bundles that might have functional consequences for visual processing in alcohol-dependent subjects who exhibit no neurological complications.     

GCS评分和止血药物使用时间对颅脑外伤术后患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的：探讨GCS评分和止血药物使用时间（HUT）对颅脑外伤术后患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响。方法选取120例需手术的颅脑外伤患者,按GCS分值分为A组（n=34）、B组（n=38）、C组（n=30）和D组（n=18）,按HUT分为E组、F组和G组,每组患者40例。分析GCS评分、HUT与DVT发生率的关系并进行DVT的危险因素分析。结果 C组和D组患者DVT发病率高于A组和B组且F组和G组DVT发病率高于E组（P＜0.05）,GCS分值与DVT发病率呈负相关（r=-0.832,P＜0.01）,HUT与DVT发病率呈正相关（r=0.758,P＜0.01）。危险因素分析结果显示术前GCS评分、术后HUT和卧床时间是DVT的危险因素。结论术前低GCS评分和长时间卧床及使用止血药物等因素是颅脑外伤患者术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素。     

褐藻多糖硫酸酯对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经保护作用

目的探讨褐藻多糖硫酸酯（FPS）对脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用及可能机制。方法将48只大鼠按照随机数字表法分为假手术组、大脑中动脉栓塞（MCAO）组、FPS低剂量组（MCAO＋FPS 50 mg/kg）、FPS高剂量组（MCAO＋FPS 100 mg/kg）,每组12只。假手术组大鼠只分离右侧颈总动脉及颈内外动脉,MCAO组、FPS低剂量组、FPS高剂量组采用线栓法制作大脑中动脉栓塞模型,缺血2 h后再灌注后FPS低、高剂量组予鼠尾静脉注射FPS50、100 mg/kg。对所有大鼠按照Longa标准进行神经功能评分;采用TTC法测量脑梗死体积;蛋白印迹法测定Nrf2蛋白的表达。结果与MCAO组比较,FPS低、高剂量组大鼠神经功能评分明显降低、转录因子NF-E2相关因子2（NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2）蛋白表达明显增高,FPS高剂量组神经功能评分、Nrf2蛋白表达改变得更为显著（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;FPS高剂量组大鼠脑梗死体积明显减小（P〈0.01）。结论 FPS通过提高Nrf2的表达缩小脑梗死体积,对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠起到神经保护作用。     

Clinical spectrum of intra-abdominal abscesses in children admitted to the pediatric emergency department

BackgroundTo analyze clinical spectrum of intra-abdominal abscesses in children and find helpful clinical parameters could aid physicians in earlier detection and differential diagnosis.MethodsFrom 2004 to 2011, we retrospectively analyzed 66 pediatric patients, aged 18 years or younger with intra-abdominal abscesses. The data were obtained and studied: demographics, clinical presentations, etiologies, laboratory tests, microbiology, imaging studies, treatment modalities, complications and long-term outcomes.ResultsThere were 66 patients (mean age, 9.27 ± 4.16 years) diagnosed as intra-abdominal abscesses. The two most common presented symptoms were fever and abdominal pain (90.9%; 78.8%, respectively). Most patients presented with leukocytosis (81.8%) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (95.5%). In patients with abscesses in solid organs, urine white blood cell counts, nitrate and leukocyte esterase were all significant parameters (all P < 0.05), and urine pH and specific gravity were both lower than those in non-solid organs (P = 0.026; P = 0.043, respectively). Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common organism cultured from renal abscess. Streptococcus viridans was the most common organism cultured from liver abscess. Moreover, the two most predominant bacteria in periappendical and intraperitoneal abscesses were E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis.ConclusionsWe suggest that primary physicians should keep this disease in mind when children present with predisposing risk factors, fever, abdominal pain, leukocytosis and elevated CRP level. Besides, we recommend the urinary analysis or ultrasonography (US) is valuable in patients with fever and abdominal pain.     

脑损伤后脑内神经递质的变化及其与意识障碍的关系

目的 探讨脑损伤昏迷和清醒患者间的脑内神经递质的差异性,以期了解不同意识状态与脑内神经递质间的关系。 方法 回顾分析脑损伤患者52例,其中昏迷患者30例（格拉斯哥昏迷量表≤9分）,设为昏迷组;清醒患者22例（格拉斯哥昏迷量表＞9分）,设为清醒组。采集2组患者基本资料,然后提取神经递质的评估结果（使用脑涨落图评估）,并对结果指标进行统计学分析,包括γ-氨基丁酸、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺等递质的递质功率、递质相对功率和指数分析（指数分析包括总功率、运动指数、兴奋抑制指数和血管舒缩指数）。采用二分类Logistic回归分析2组间递质的差异性。 结果 与清醒组比较,昏迷组患者的各项脑内递质功率均显著低于清醒患者,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;2组间的递质相对功率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。指数分析中除了总功率组间具有显著差异（P＜0.05）,其他指数无显著差异,Logistic回归分析显示,脑内多巴胺的减少是脑损伤患者昏迷的重要危险因素（Wald=5.684, P=0.017）。 结论 脑损伤后昏迷患者的大部分脑内神经递质均显著减少,尤其是脑内多巴胺的减少是引起昏迷的一个危险因素,在临床促醒治疗中可考虑应用增强多巴胺递质效能的药物或康复治疗。     

Frontotemporal dementia: clinical,neuropsychological, and neuroimaging description

Objective:

Describe the relationships between the clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging findings from a group of patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

Methods:

The clinical histories, cognitive tests, and structural and perfusion brain images of 21 patients of the Psychiatric Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, were reviewed.

Results:

The average age was 59.8 years; the average time for the evolution of disease symptoms was 2.7 years; the most common variant was the behavioral variant; the most common alteration shown through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was frontotemporal atrophy, while the most common alteration shown through single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was frontotemporal hypoperfusion. The most significant result was the normal performance of 61.9% of patients in praxis exams, which was associated with alterations in temporoparietal perfusion in the SPECT images (p <0.02). Neither the mini-mental state evaluation nor the Clock Drawing Executive Test (CLOX) served as screening tests.     

Corticospinal neuroprostheses to restore locomotion after spinal cord injury

In this conceptual review, we highlight our strategy for, and progress in the development of corticospinal neuroprostheses for restoring locomotor functions and promoting neural repair after thoracic spinal cord injury in experimental animal models. We specifically focus on recent developments in recording and stimulating neural interfaces, decoding algorithms, extraction of real-time feedback information, and closed-loop control systems. Each of these complex neurotechnologies plays a significant role for the design of corticospinal neuroprostheses. Even more challenging is the coordinated integration of such multifaceted technologies into effective and practical neuroprosthetic systems to improve movement execution, and augment neural plasticity after injury. In this review we address our progress in rodent animal models to explore the viability of a technology-intensive strategy for recovery and repair of the damaged nervous system. The technical, practical, and regulatory hurdles that lie ahead along the path toward clinical applications are enormous – and their resolution is uncertain at this stage. However, it is imperative that the discoveries and technological developments being made across the field of neuroprosthetics do not stay in the lab, but instead reach clinical fruition at the fastest pace possible.