环扎血管前列腺切除术

用30具尸体标表进行前列腺动脉解剖学研究,结果平均每例动脉7.1支,动脉支注入腺体的位置底部占76.06％,尖部16.90％,体部7.04％。注入底部的动脉呈环形分布。据此设计了膀胱内环扎血管前列腺切除术,经临床应用168例,出血量明显减少。经随访6～54月,效果满意。     

骨桥蛋白小干涉RNA抑制大隐静脉平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移能力的研究

目的观察骨桥蛋白（OPN）小干涉RNA（siRNA）对大隐静脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响，并探讨可能机制。方法原代培养大隐静脉平滑肌细胞，转染siRNA，用实时定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）和免疫印迹法检测OPN以明确干涉效果，用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）试验和Transwell法观察对增殖和迁移能力的影响，并用免疫印迹法检测基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）表达情况。结果OPNsiRNA有效干涉了血管平滑肌细胞OPN的表达，抑制了血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移能力，并减低了基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9（MMP-2、MMP-9）蛋白的表达。结论OPN通过调控MMP-2、MMP-9表达，对大隐静脉平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移具有重要意义；骨桥蛋白siRNA在细胞水平上能改变血管平滑肌细胞的生物学行为。     

Serum prostate-specific antigen value adjusted for non-cancerous prostate tissue volume in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: a new predictor of biochemical recurrence in localized or locally advanced prostate cancer

The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value adjusted for total tumor volume (PSA/tumor volume) and serum PSA value adjusted for non-cancerous prostate tissue volume (NCPV) (PSA/NCPV) as a predictor of pathological findings and clinical outcome after radical prostatectomy. Clinical and pathological data of 407 patients (median age: 66.5 years; range: 41.8-85.7 years) were reviewed retrospectively. The median follow-up period was 18.1 months (range: 1.0-107.8 months). Biochemical recurrence was defined as detectable PSA levels (greater than 0.2 ng ml(-1)) and the time of biochemical recurrence was taken to be the first time PSA became detectable. In the multivariate model, PSA/NCPV was an independent predictor of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margin (P<0.05), but PSA/tumor volume was not. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that PSA/NCPV correlated with biochemical recurrence-free survival (P<0.001; log-rank test) but PSA/tumor volume did not (P=0.275; log-rank test). PSA/NCPV was also a significant independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival on multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis (P=0.004, relative risk=2.42). Our findings suggest that PSA/NCPV is associated independently with extracapsular extension and surgical margin status and may be an independent prognostic variable of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy.     

纳米粒子包载反义雷帕霉素靶蛋白基因转染对移植静脉内膜增生的影响

目的观察纳米粒子包载的反义雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）基因局部转染对移植静脉内膜增生的影响。方法应用聚乳酸聚乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）包载mTOR基因。建立自体静脉移植模型，随机分成转基因组、空载体组、对照组。转基因组移植静脉转染纳米粒子包载的反义mTOR基因，空载体组单纯转染纳米粒子包载的空载体，对照组不予特殊处理。分别于移植3、7、14、28d取材，常规苏木素．伊红（HE）、Verhoeff染色，检测mTOR基因的mRNA及蛋白产物表达的变化，TUNEL法观察血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）凋亡的动态变化。结果转基因组内膜中mTOR基因的mRNA及蛋白产物表达明显减少（P〈0．01）；转基因组内膜增生程度在术后7、14、28d较其他组明显减少（P〈0．01）；转基因组凋亡细胞明显增多（P〈0．01）。结论纳米粒子可以作为基因载体，反义mTOR基因的表达能够抑制移植静脉内膜的增生，促进VSMC凋亡。     

A posterior-based omega-shaped flap vaginoplasty in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technical modification for constructing a vagina in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, using a narrower skin base but rich subcutaneous tissue, aiming to obtain both longer and larger vaginal segments with better cosmesis of the external genitalia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From August 1997 to February 2001, 28 girls (aged 5 months to 17 years) had a neovagina constructed using a posterior-based omega-shaped flap. Twenty-six patients had a low vagina entering into the urogenital sinus and two had a high vagina that entered the urogenital sinus. In those with a high vagina the flap procedure was combined with the Passerini-Glazel technique. All the patients were scheduled for vaginal "calibrations" during the first year after surgery and, according to the result, would then undergo vaginal dilatation. RESULTS: Six children were re-operated; five had plastic surgery to correct genital folds that had regained a scrotal aspect, whereas one with a high vagina developed a urethral stricture, with urinary dribbling and infection, and had the urethra reconstructed. These six children are currently well. No hormone therapy was given to one child for 1 year who is scheduled for further surgery for a re-virilized clitoris. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Up to the last visit, 19 girls had not developed a vaginal stricture and the cosmesis of their external genitalia was deemed good. CONCLUSION: The posterior-based omega-shaped flap enabled both the construction of wider vaginal segments with a low risk of developing stenosis in those with a low vagina, and increased vaginal dimension when associated with the Passerini-Glazel technique for those with a high vagina. However, despite good cosmesis of the external genitalia, the follow-up is too short to confirm whether this technique will meet all the expectations.     

Flat Epithelial Atypia and Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia: Carcinoma Underestimation Rate

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the underestimation rate of carcinoma upon surgical biopsy after a diagnosis of flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia and 11‐gauge vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy. A retrospective review was conducted of 476 vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy performed from May 2005 to January 2007 and a total of 70 cases of atypia were identified. Fifty cases (71%) were categorized as pure atypical ductal hyperplasia, 18 (26%) as pure flat epithelial atypia and two (3%) as concomitant flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Each group were compared with the subsequent open surgical specimens. Surgical biopsy was performed in 44 patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia, 15 patients with flat epithelial atypia, and two patients with flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Five cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia were upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ, three cases of flat epithelial atypia yielded one ductal carcinoma in situ and two cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, and one case of flat epithelial atypia/atypical ductal hyperplasia had invasive ductal carcinoma. The overall rate of malignancy was 16% for atypical ductal hyperplasia (including flat epithelial atypia/atypical ductal hyperplasia patients) and 20% for flat epithelial atypia. The presence of flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia at biopsy requires careful consideration, and surgical excision should be suggested.     

Predictors of prostate cancer on repeat prostatic biopsy in men with serum total prostate-specific antigen between 4.1 and 10 ng/mL

OBJECTIVES: We determine whether the different molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and other PSA variables can predict prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate needle biopsy. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2001, repeat biopsy was performed in 97 patients who had undergone prior negative prostate biopsy. The ability of total PSA (tPSA), complexed PSA (cPSA), free PSA (fPSA), free-to-total PSA (fPSA/tPSA), free-to-complexed PSA (fPSA/cPSA), complexed-to-total PSA (cPSA/tPSA), tPSA density (tPSAD), cPSA density (cPSAD), transition zone tPSA density (tPSATZ) and transition zone cPSA density (cPSATZ) was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyzes as well as receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Prostate cancer on repeat biopsy was detected in 24% of subjects (23 of 97) who had a negative initial biopsy. The PSA parameters cut-off to ensure a 96% sensitivity of cancer detection, were 29% using fPSA/tPSA, 32% using fPSA/cPSA, 0.18 ng/mL/cc using tPSATZ and 0.16 ng/mL/cc using cPSATZ. The fPSA/tPSA would have prevented 32% of negative biopsies, the fPSA/cPSA 28%, the tPSATZ 23% and the cPSATZ 30%. ROC curve analysis fPSA/tPSA, fPSA/cPSA ratios, tPSATZ and cPSATZ were significantly better predictors of repeat biopsy results than tPSA or cPSA, but there was no significant difference in the ROC curves among these four PSA parameters. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis these four PSA parameters were significant predictors for cancer detection in the repeat biopsy group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: fPSA/tPSA ratio, fPSA/cPSA ratio, tPSATZ and cPSATZ enhance the specificity of PSA testing compared to tPSA or cPSA when determining which patients should undergo repeat biopsy.     

孤立性肺结节良恶性评估的研究现状及进展

孤立性肺结节是一个普通的医学问题,但诊疗起来十分复杂.其发病原因仍不清楚.术前对孤立性肺结节作出明确的诊断一直以来都是临床上的一个挑战.对临床医师和放射科医师最主要的问题是鉴别孤立性肺结节的良恶性,并让孤立性肺结节患者及时接受有效的治疗.目前许多孤立性肺结节的临床特征和检测方法已经用来诊断良恶性孤立性肺结节,但这些均不能完全对其进行鉴别.最近的一些进展为孤立性肺结节的诊断和治疗带来了质的进步.本文就孤立性肺结节良恶性评估的研究现状及进展进行综述.     

长链非编码RNA与前列腺癌的研究进展

长链非编码RNA（Longnon-coding RNA,LncRNA）在人类生命活动过程中发挥着重要的作用,并维持着正常的细胞功能,然而它们的异常表达与肿瘤发生密切相关。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,LncRNA通过类似癌基因或抑癌基因的作用,参与前列腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移等调控过程,并由于特定LncRNA在肿瘤当中表达的高特异性,可作为前列腺癌诊断及预后的指标。本文对近年来LncRNA与前列腺癌发生、发展的关系及诊治的研究进展作一综述。     

乳腺空芯针活检为不典型导管上皮增生的病理低估研究

目的:计算乳腺空芯针穿刺活检(core needle biopsy,CNB)诊断为不典型导管上皮增生(atypical ductal hyperplasia,ADH)病人的病理低估率。分析病人临床及影像学信息,探讨低估的预测因素。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年2月期间,本中心60例CNB诊断为ADH病人。定义病理低估为CNB是ADH但切除活检诊断是恶性的。以卡方检验、Fisher精确检验和二分类Logistic回归分析病理低估的预测因素。结果:本研究60例CNB诊断为ADH病人的病理低估率为65.0%(39/60)。乳腺X线检查发现恶性征象的微钙化(OR=7.988,95%CI:4.997~12.810,P=0.001)、乳腺X线检查影像报告数据系统(BI-RADS)≥4级(OR=10.875,95%CI:2.747~43.051,P