Sex incidence of diabetes. An epidemiological study in the la spezia area

Summary The authors studied the relationship between age, year of onset of the disease and sex in 1,428 diabetic subjects. The whole population of the province of La Spezia was used for comparison. As for the M/F ratio, differences of homogeneousness were not observed between the diabetics examined and the population of the province. When the series was subdivided according to the year in which diabetes was diagnosed, it was found that from the five-year period 1950–1954 to the five-year period 1965–1969 the M/F ratio had changed from 0.47 to 0.96. Statistically, this is equivalent to an exponential function.     

Pharmacological approach to acute pancreatitis

The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding pharmacological prevention and treatment of acute pancreatitis （AP） based on experimental animal models and clinical trials. Somatostatin （SS） and octreotide inhibit the exocrine production of pancreatic enzymes and may be useful as prophylaxis against Post Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis （PEP）. The protease inhibitor Gabexate mesilate （GM） is used routinely as treatment to AP in some countries, but randomized clinical trials and a meta-analysis do not support this practice. Nitroglycerin （NGL） is a nitrogen oxide （NO） donor, which relaxes the sphincter of Oddi. Studies show conflicting results when applied prior to ERCP and a large multicenter randomized study is warranted. Steroids administered as prophylaxis against PEP has been validated without effect in several randomized trials. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAID） indomethacin and diclofenac have in randomized studies showed potential as prophylaxis against PEP. Interleukin 10 （IL-10） is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties but two trials testing IL-10 as prophylaxis to PEP have returned conflicting results. Antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） have a potential as rescue therapy but no clinical trials are currently being conducted. The antibiotics beta- lactams and quinolones reduce mortality when necrosis is present in pancreas and may also reduce incidence of infected necrosis. Evidence based pharmacological treatment of AP is limited and studies on the effect of potent anti-inflammatory drugs are warranted.     

忻州市2008至2013年乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的：整理分析2008至2013年忻州市乙型病毒性肝炎发病的流行性特征,为卫生管理部门制定预防策略提供依据。方法：整理2008至2013年忻州市疾病检测系统中有关乙型肝炎个案相关信息,分析其所表现出的特征。结果：本次共分析报告10884份,6年平均发病率为;发病主要以青壮年为主,不呈现季节性变化;发病人群中男性比例高于女性（P ＜0.05）;发病人群职业偏向于农民与工人;忻州市乙型肝炎发病率在这6年里波动性较大,不表现出逐年增加或减少的趋势。结论：2008至2013年忻州市乙肝发病率处于相对较高水平,未表现出稳定变化趋势,发病率存在波动性,卫生监管部门要根据这一发病特点,适时调整防治方案,有效降低乙肝发病率。     

玻璃体切割术后高眼压的发生率和特点及相关危险因素分析

目的：分析玻璃体切割术后高眼压的发生率、特点及相关的危险因素。
　　方法：回顾性分析在我院行 PPV 手术的患者146例146眼。比较患者的年龄、性别、眼别、病程和手术时间等,以了解高眼压的发生率和特点。比较患者术前原发疾病、术中处理方式、眼内填充物类型等,以分析发生高眼压的相关危险因素。
　　结果：患者47例术后发生高眼压,发生率为32.2%。高眼压与无高眼压患者在年龄、性别、眼别、病程和手术时间方面无统计学差别(P>0.05)。糖尿病伴单纯性玻璃体积血和伴牵拉性视网膜脱离患者高眼压发生率分别为21.1%和57.6%( P<0.05)。 RD伴PVR C2级以下和C2级以上患者高眼压发生率分别为19.0%和43.8%(P<0.05)。眼外伤伴玻璃体积血和伴眼内异物患者高眼压发生率分别为25.0%和70.0%(P<0.05)。行全视网膜光凝患者高眼压发生率为50.8%,高于未行激光光凝组患者( P<0.05)。行部分视网膜光凝患者高眼压发生率为29.5%,高于未行激光光凝组患者,但二者比较并无统计学差异(P>0.05)。采用硅油、C3F8和单纯换气的患者术后高眼压发病率分别为59.7%,34.5%和14.5%,前两者与单纯换气比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。
　　结论：玻璃体切割术后高眼压发生率与术前原发疾病、术中处理方式和眼内填充物等因素密切相关。     

Risk factors for endophthalmitis following cataract surgery-our experience at a tertiary eye care centre in India

AIM: To determine the risk factors for acute endophthalmitis after cataract extraction in a tertiary care centre in India. METHODS: We performed a nested case control study within a retrospective cohort. The surgical records of all patients with clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis within one month after cataract surgery, performed between January 2006 and December 2009, were reviewed. These were compared with randomly selected age and gender-matched controls, from patients having routine cataract surgery within ±1wk of the endophthalmitis case. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed to identify risk factors for endophthalmitis. RESULTS: Of the total 33 856 cataract surgeries performed during this period, there were 57 cases of postoperative acute endophthalmitis that met our study criteria. Thus, the overall incidence of endophthalmitis in our cohort was 1.6 per 1000 cataract extractions performed. Mean age of cases was 55.9y (SD: 10.9y) and for controls was 55.6y (SD: 9.8y). Thirty-five cases (61.4%) and 133 controls (59.6%) were males. Median time of onset of endophthalmitis was 4d (IQR 2-9d; range: 1-30d). Thirty-nine cases (68.4%) presented within 7d and 27 cases (47.4%) were culture positive. Two hundred and twenty-three age and gender matched controls were selected. In multivariate analysis, endophthalmitis was associated with posterior capsular rupture (PCR) during surgery (OR 6.98, 95%CI: 2.22-21.98), phacoemulsification via scleral incision with a foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (OR 3.02, 95%CI: 1.13-8.04) and ocular co-morbidity (OR 2.32, 95%CI: 1.11-4.87). CONCLUSION: PCR, presence of ocular co-morbidity, and phacoemulsification via scleral incision with foldable-IOL were found to be independent risk factors for acute endophthalmitis.