注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的：比较注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）临床亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。方法：将符合DSM—Ⅳ ADHD诊断标准的男童70例分为注意障碍为主型（PI）44例，以多动／冲动为主型（HI）6例、混合型（CT）20例，采用儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）比较各亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。结果：ADHD组行为问题发生率（48．57％）明显高于对照组（12．70％），P〈0．01；ADHD各亚型行为问题发生率存在统计学差异（P〈0．01）。混合型最高；ADHD亚型与对照组CBCL因子分的4组间比较显示分裂性、强迫性、体诉、多动、攻击性、违纪因子及CBCL总分存在统计学差异；分裂性因子PI〉HI，攻击性因子CT，HI〉PI，违纪因子HI〉PI，CT。结论：ADHD男童行为问题发生率高于正常儿童，其中混合型行为问题发生率最高；ADHD临床亚型行为问题特点不同。     

Preferences of pre-weanling Long-Evans rats for anal excreta of adult males and females

Long-Evans hooded rat pups were reared with their dam alone, their dam and sire or their dam 12 hrs per day and their sire 12 hrs per day and tested for preferences for anal excreta from adult male and female rats when they were 18 to 20 days of age. In all rearing conditions the anal excreta of the rat's own dam was preferred to that of strange dams and the excreta of both own and strange dams was preferred to that of virgin females. Anal excreta from virgin females was preferred to no odor as was anal excreta of unmated males, strange sires and the rat's own sire. Only rats reared with their dam and sire preferred the odor of their own sire to that of other males. The results suggest that pre-weanling rats may attend to different dimensions of the odors of conspecifics, such as the species odor, maternal odor, and individual odor and that different rearing conditions may influence the odor dimension to which the rat attends.     

白松片对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血浆CORT、ACTH的影响

目的：观察白松片对慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型行为学和血浆CORT、ACTH含量的影响。方法：SD雄性大鼠28只随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、氟西汀对照组及白松片试验组，选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激加孤养造模，观察各组大鼠敞箱实验和液体消耗等行为学指标变化，采用放射免疫方法检测大鼠血浆皮质醇(CORT)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量。结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠体重增加缓慢，敞箱实验中的水平运动、垂直运动得分、清洁动作次数显著减少，中央格停留时间显著延长；糖水消耗明显下降，纯水消耗显著增多，而且其血浆皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素含量增加。氟西汀和白松片均显著改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型的行为学和神经内分泌变化。结论：慢性轻度不可预见性应激可使大鼠行为及神经内分泌发生异常改变，引起抑郁状态，白松片对此具有一定拮抗作用。     

宽叶缬草提取物对戊四氮诱导慢性癫癎大鼠行为及脑电的影响

目的:探讨宽叶缬草提取物(VOL)对戊四氮(PTZ)致癫大鼠模型的脑电和行为变化的影响.方法:用PTZ 37.5mg/kg腹腔注射Wistar大鼠28天建立慢性癫癎模型,同时胃管分组给予VOL 500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg、1 500 mg/kg,每天三次,观察大鼠行为及脑电变化.结果:PTZ致癫癎大鼠在28天时87%为重度发作,脑电发作潜伏期及癎波密度分别为4.01±1.70 min,145.75±19.84个/min ,应用三种不同剂量的VOL治疗三周后大鼠癫癎发作程度明显减轻,脑电发作潜伏期延长,分别为7.36±2.18 min、9.42±2.05 min、11.19±1.95 min,癎波密度减少与PTZ模型对照组比较,P<0.05;且高剂量组更明显.结论:VOL能有效对抗PTZ的点燃作用,且有剂量依赖性,在第3周时才开始显效.     

精神分裂症子女个性行为特征的对照研究

目的 探索材神分裂症子女的个性和行为特征。方法 分别用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)，对研究组53例精神分裂症子女，对照组50例正常儿童评定。结果 两组儿童EPQ各项因子分无显著差异，在CBCL分析中，研究组退缩、社交问题和内向因子分显著高于对照组。研究组男童焦虑抑郁，女童躯体主诉分值也显著高于对照组。结论 精神分裂症子女个性无异常。存在有内向，退缩．社交困难等行为问题．应对其早期干预。     

Understanding general practice: a conceptual framework developed from case studies in the UK NHS

BACKGROUND: General practice in the UK is undergoing a period of rapid and profound change. Traditionally, research into the effects of change on general practice has tended to regard GPs as individuals or as members of a professional group. To understand the impact of change, general practices should also be considered as organisations. AIM: To use the organisational studies literature to build a conceptual framework of general practice organisations, and to test and develop this empirically using case studies of change in practice. This study used the implementation of National Service Frameworks (NSFs) and the new General Medical Services (GMS) contract as incidents of change. DESIGN OF STUDY: In-depth, qualitative case studies. The design was iterative: each case study was followed by a review of the theoretical ideas. The final conceptual framework was the result of the dynamic interplay between theory and empirical evidence. SETTING: Five general practices in England, selected using purposeful sampling. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with all clinical and managerial personnel in each practice, participant and nonparticipant observation, and examination of documents. RESULTS: A conceptual framework was developed that can be used to understand how and why practices respond to change. This framework enabled understanding of observed reactions to the introduction of NSFs and the new GMS contract. Important factors for generating responses to change included the story that the practice members told about their practice, beliefs about what counted as legitimate work, the role played by the manager, and previous experiences of change. CONCLUSION: Viewing general practices as small organisations has generated insights into factors that influence responses to change. Change tends to occur from the bottom up and is determined by beliefs about organisational reality. The conceptual framework suggests some questions that can be asked of practices to explain this internal reality.     

The Effect of Accuracy of Perceptions of Dietary-Fat Intake on Perceived Risk and Intentions to Change

Consumption of excess fat increases risk for many health problems and diseases. In the present study, 188 undergraduate students were studied to understand self-perceptions of dietary-fat intake and the impact of those perceptions. Findings indicated that the majority of participants had inaccurate perceptions about the amount of fat in their diets. Further, compared to people who overestimated dietary-fat intake, people who underestimated fat intake had lower perceived risk of cancer, had lower intentions to change, and demonstrated less knowledge about the dietary-fat content of many foods. Findings suggest that this unrealistic underestimation of fat intake is a cognitive barrier to dietary change and people who underestimate dietary fat intake may require more intensive intervention to change their diets.     

LHRH messenger RNA in neurons in the intact and castrate male rat forebrain,studied by in situ hybridization

Summary The slow potential change (spc) accompanying spreading depression (SD) was studied in rats and in a seizure-sensitive strain of Mongolian gerbil under three different experimental paradigms, each involving the use of naloxone. Gerbils undergoing electroconvulsive shock treatment displayed SD during the post-ictal phase, which was blocked by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of naloxone (20–50 mg kg^-1). Topical application of naloxone to the exposed cortex of the anaesthetized gerbil and rat blocked the spc of SD evoked by KCl. Microiontophoretic ejection of naloxone during extracellular recordings reversed cell refractoriness following the spc, demonstrated by the observation of a maintained sensitivity to iontophoretic pulses of glutamate. The results suggest a possible involvement of naloxone-sensitive processes in the mechanism responsible for cortical SD.     

Long-term ST database: A reference for the development and evaluation of automated ischaemia detectors and for the study of the dynamics of myocardial ischaemia

The long-term ST database is the result of a multinational research effort. The goal was to develop a challenging and realistic research resource for development and evaluation of automated systems to detect transient ST segment changes in electrocardiograms and for supporting basic research into the mechanisms and dynamics of transient myocardial ischaemia. Twenty-four hour ambulatory ECG records were selected from routine clinical practice settings in the USA and Europe, between 1994 and 2000, on the basic of occurrence of ischaemic and non-ischaemic ST segment changes. Human expert annotators used newly developed annotation protocols and a specially developed interactive graphic editor tool (Semia) that supported paperless editing of annotations and facilitated international co-operation via the Internet. The database contains 86 two- and three-channel 24h annotated ambulatory records from 80 patients and is stored on DVD-ROMs. The database annotation files contain ST segment annotations of transient ischaemic (1155) and heart-rate related ST episodes and annotations of non-ischaemic ST segment events related to postural changes and conduction abnormalities. The database is intended to complement the European Society of Cardiology ST-T database and the MIT-BIH and AHA arrhythmia databases. It provides a comprehensive representation of ‘real-world’ data, with numerous examples of transient ischaemic and non-ischaemic ST segment changes, arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, axis shifts, noise and artifacts.     

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

Rewards are often not only valued according to their physical characteristics but also relative to other available rewards. The striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum including nucleus accumbens) is involved in the organization of movement and the processing of reward information. We studied the activity of single striatal neurons in macaques that were presented with different combinations of two rewards. We found in nearly half of the investigated neurons that the processing for one reward shifted, relative to the other rewards that were available in a given trial block. The relative reward processing concerned all forms of striatal activity related to reward-predicting visual stimuli, arm movements and reception of rewards. The observed changes may provide a neural basis for the known shifts in valuation of rewarding outcomes relative to known references.